某型装甲车底盘系统平衡肘断裂分析

目的 探讨平衡肘断裂原因,消除故障隐患和防止类似问题发生。方法 采用单反相机、扫描电镜、金相显微镜、硬度计、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪等对平衡肘故障件的宏观形貌、微观形貌、显微组织、硬度、化学成分等开展表征分析。利用ANSYS有限元软件对内花键进行应力分析,并对2次淬火的试样尺寸进行测量。结果 右4平衡肘裂纹源断口为撕裂和沿晶的混合断裂,断口芯部为解理断裂;右2平衡肘断口内表层淬火层为沿晶和韧窝的混合断裂,芯部为韧性断裂。故障件显微组织和化学成分均无明显变化,仅表面硬度值较实验前降低了7%~9%。断裂失效原因是由于内花键二次高频淬火后收缩变形,齿根圆弧部位在腐蚀介质和交变载荷的共同作用下因应力集中而形成裂纹,在后期循环应力作用下,裂纹继续扩展导致疲劳断裂。结论 从加强腐蚀控制和热处理的角度出发,通过选用抗腐蚀性能好的材料、进行表面防护处理、控制车体环境的湿度和温度等加强腐蚀控制,并增加采用电脉冲等方式对变形花键齿进行修形工序严格控制尺寸范围,避免产生过大拉应力,确保装备质量。     

燃气轮机用YS10-021聚酰亚胺三防试验验证分析

目的 研究湿热、盐雾、霉菌环境对YS10-021聚酰亚胺材料性能的影响,为燃气轮机选材设计和定寿、延寿提供数据支撑。方法 设计开展YS10-021聚酰亚胺三防试验,定期测试试样老化后的物理性能,并对试验数据进行统计分析。结果 经3552h湿热试验后,高温拉伸强度和高温弯曲强度下降24%,仍然符合出厂指标要求;常温弯曲强度下降34%,简支梁冲击强度下降62%,超出指标要求;其他各项性能未见明显老化。经3 552 h盐雾试验后,弯曲强度下降30%,其余性能均在出厂指标要求范围以内。经84 d霉菌试验后,YS10-021聚酰亚胺各项性能均有轻微下降趋势,但老化不明显。结论 YS10-021聚酰亚胺在湿热、盐雾、霉菌环境中的耐受性良好。总体来看,湿热和盐雾环境对YS10-021聚酰亚胺力学性能的影响更大。     

基于GIS的城市特大火灾蔓延模拟

本文将对城市特大火灾的蔓延机理进行深入剖析，并构建火灾蔓延的半经验半理论模型。该模型包括两个子模型，其一为个体建筑火灾发展的简化模型，其二为建筑物间的火灾蔓延模型。前者简化了个体建筑内部火灾发展与蔓延的复杂过程，仅简单评价了个体建筑火灾发展所处的阶段，即起火、轰燃、充分发展与倒塌，并计算出各阶段相应的物理量。后者则是从建筑物间火灾蔓延的机理入手，借鉴已有模型对两种主要的火灾蔓延方式热辐射与热对流进行模型的简化和修正，并且量化了影响建筑物间火灾蔓延的气象条件。最后，作者提供了基于GIS的城市特大火灾蔓延模拟方案，并将模拟方案用于对日本1995年阪神地震后神户市高桥医院周边一处起火进行火灾蔓延模拟，再将模拟结果与实际火灾蔓延结果进行对比，从对比中充分体现出模型的有效性。     

基于灰色关联分析的芯片布局和散热器结构参数优化

目的 降低芯片工作温升,提升芯片的热可靠性.方法 利用CFD仿真工具,搭建多芯片共用散热器的热仿真分析模型,确定不同方案的芯片结点温升.以芯片横向和纵向间距、散热器基板厚度、翅片高度、翅片厚度、横向翅片间距、纵向翅片数等7个结构参数与芯片温升之间关系为研究对象,以降低芯片结点温升为优化目标,通过灰色关联分析,筛选出主要影响因素,并利用响应面回归分析优化.结果 其中4个因素的灰色关联度大于0.6,是影响芯片温升的主要因素,排序为纵向翅片数>基板厚度>芯片横向间距>翅片厚度;横向翅片间隔、翅片高度、芯片纵向间距为次要因素.进一步通过响应面分析优化获取了最终组合优化参数,芯片纵向间隔为15 mm,翅片高度为18 mm,翅片间隔为6 mm;芯片横向间距为104 mm,基板厚度为11.2 mm,翅片厚度为1.13 mm,纵向翅片数为10,芯片组最大温升为48.959℃.结论 灰色关联分析能较好地用于散热多因素影响分析,与响应面回归分析相结合,可以构建出较高精度的回归预测模型,该研究为多芯片共用散热器的布局和结构方案评估和优化提供了参考.     

Atmospheric photochemistry and secondary aerosol formation of urban air in Lyon, France

Photochemical aging of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere is an important source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). To evaluate the formation potential of SOA at an urban site in Lyon (France), an outdoor experiment using a Potential Aerosol Mass (PAM) oxidation flow reactor (OFR) was conducted throughout entire days during January-February 2017. Diurnal variation of SOA formations and their correlation with OH radical exposure (OHexp), ambient pollutants (VOCs and particulate matters, PM), Relative Humidity (RH), and temperature were explored in this study. Ambient urban air was exposed to high concentration of OH radicals with OHexp in range of (0.2–1.2)×10¹² molecule/(cm³?sec), corresponding to several days to weeks of equivalent atmospheric photochemical aging. The results informed that urban air at Lyon has high potency to contribute to SOA, and these SOA productions were favored from OH radical photochemical oxidation rather than via ozonolysis. Maximum SOA formation (36 µg/m³) was obtained at OHexp of about 7.4 × 10¹¹molecule/(cm³?sec), equivalent to approximately 5 days of atmospheric oxidation. The correlation between SOA formation and ambient environment conditions (RH & temperature, VOCs and PM) was observed. It was the first time to estimate SOA formation potential from ambient air over a long period in urban environment of Lyon.     

Measurement of heterogeneous uptake of NO2 on inorganic particles, sea water and urban grime

Heterogeneous reactions of NO₂ on different surfaces play an important role in atmospheric NO_x removal and HONO formation, having profound impacts on photochemistry in polluted urban areas. Previous studies have suggested that the NO₂ uptake on the ground or aerosol surfaces could be a dominant source for elevated HONO during the daytime. However, the uptake behavior of NO₂ varies with different surfaces, and different uptake coefficients were used or derived in different studies. To obtain a more holistic picture of heterogeneous NO₂ uptake on different surfaces, a series of laboratory experiments using different flow tube reactors was conducted, and the NO₂ uptake coefficients (γ) were determined on inorganic particles, sea water and urban grime. The results showed that heterogeneous reactions on those surfaces were generally weak in dark conditions, with the measured γ varied from <10^?8 to 3.2 × 10^?7 under different humidity. A photo-enhanced uptake of NO₂ on urban grime was observed, with the obvious formation of HONO and NO from the heterogeneous reaction. The photo-enhanced γ was measured to be 1.9 × 10^?6 at 5% relative humidity (RH) and 5.8 × 10^?6 at 70% RH on urban grime, showing a positive RH dependence for both NO₂ uptake and HONO formation. The results demonstrate an important role of urban grime in the daytime NO₂-to-HONO conversion, and could be helpful to explain the unknown daytime HONO source in the polluted urban area.     

Horizontal and vertical gene transfer drive sediment antibiotic resistome in an urban lagoon system

Rapid urbanization has resulted in pervasive occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in urban aquatic ecosystems. However, limited information is available concerning the ARG profiles and the forces responsible for their assembly in urban landscape lagoon systems. Here, we employed high-throughput quantitative PCR (HT-qPCR) to characterize the spatial variations of ARGs in surface and core sediments of Yundang Lagoon, China. The results indicated that the average richness and absolute abundance of ARGs were 11 and 53 times higher in the lagoon sediments as compared to pristine reference Tibetan lake sediments, highlighting the role of anthropogenic activities in ARG pollution. Co-occurrence network analysis indicated that various anaerobic prokaryotic genera belonging to Alpha-, Deltaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Euryarchaeota, Firmicutes and Synergistetes were the potential hosts of ARGs. The partial least squares-path modeling (PLS-PM) analysis revealed positive and negative indirect effects of physicochemical factors and heavy metals on the lagoon ARG profiles, via biotic factors, respectively. The horizontal (mediated by mobile genetic elements) and vertical (mediated by prokaryotic communities) gene transfer may directly contribute the most to drive the abundance and composition of ARGs, respectively. Furthermore, the neutral community model demonstrated that the assembly of sediment ARG communities was jointly governed by deterministic and stochastic processes. Overall, this study provides novel insights into the diversity and distribution of ARGs in the benthic habitat of urban lagoon systems and underlying mechanisms for the spread and proliferation of ARGs.     

余热利用高效节能电除尘技术及工程应用

论述了余热利用高效节能电除尘技术的定义、工作原理,介绍了燃煤电站采用烟气余热利用高效节能电除尘技术的几种典型布置方式。重点介绍了该技术在宁德电厂600MW燃煤锅炉上的工程应用情况,通过烟气余热利用高效节能电除尘技术达到了"提效"和"节能"的双重目的。     

深圳市洪涝灾害的数值模拟与分析

深圳市自建特区以来,沿河沿海低地迅速城市化,流域内大规模的开发活动加剧了水土流失,河道淤塞严重,行洪能力降低,新增市区防洪排涝设施不足,使深圳市洪涝灾害更趋频繁,经济损失急剧增长,为配合深圳市制定新的防洪(潮)规划,本研究开发了城市洪水演进一、二维不恒定流混合模型,分现状与规划措施实施后两种情况对各典型年暴雨、高潮的组合在深圳市可能造成的洪涝灾害进行了模拟和分析,其结果为深圳市合理评价防洪(潮)规划提供了依据。     

Estimation of the accumulation rates and health risks of heavy metals in residential soils of three metropolitan cities in China

Heavy metal concentrations in urban soils are likely to increase over time because of continuous urbanization and heavy metal emissions. To estimate the accumulation rates of heavy metals in urban soils, we collected soil samples from residential areas with different building ages in the metropolitan cities of Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Beijing, China. Heavy metal concentrations in the soils varied among the cities and were primarily affected by soil parent material and the intensity of anthropogenic sources. Regression analyses revealed that the accumulation rates of Cd and Cu in the soils ranged from 0.0034 to 0.0039 mg/(kg•year) and 0.343 to 0.391 mg/(kg•year), respectively, and were similar across the three cities, while accumulation rates of Zn and Pb in Shanghai were higher than those in Shenzhen and Beijing. The higher accumulation rates of Zn and Pb in Shanghai can be explained by differences in city history and industrial structures among the cities. Residential soils with high health risks posed by the heavy metals were mostly collected from old towns of Shanghai because of high Pb content in the areas. Although recent urbanization resulted in elevated concentrations of Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb in the residential soils, the effect on the total health risks of residents exposed to the soils was negligible.