广东大宝山多金属污染排土场耐性植物与改良剂稳定修复研究

通过在广东大宝山多金属污染排土场种植重金属耐性作物红麻、苎麻,辅以石灰+有机肥、石灰+生物炭的土壤改良,研究不同植物稳定修复模式下植物的生长状况、土壤pH与重金属含量、径流液产生与理化性质的变化情况.结果表明:改良剂处理有效促进红麻、苎麻生长,提高株高、根长和生物量,有助于排土场土壤的植被恢复.石灰与有机肥、生物炭的施加可以改善土壤酸性环境,将土壤pH由酸性显著提高至中性,降低土壤重金属生物有效性,且生物炭的作用更显著;随着红麻、苎麻稳定修复时间的增加,土壤重金属有效态含量呈一定程度下降趋势.植物的定植和土壤改良还可以减少地表径流的产生;提高径流液pH,但pH会随着修复时间的增加而下降;径流液中溶解态和悬浮态重金属含量均在植物稳定修复过程中得到降低,土壤中重金属污染物的扩散迁移得到有效控制.     

三峡库区消落带典型草本植物淹水浸泡后可溶性有机碳的释放特征

三峡库区消落带出露时草本植被生长旺盛,每年9月底蓄水后植物被淹没并开始腐解,导致有机体分解释放大量可溶性有机碳(DOC),可能对水质产生负面影响.研究选取三峡库区消落带典型草本植物,通过室内模拟浸泡实验,测定上覆水中DOC浓度变化过程,计算其释放速率与通量,旨在查明消落带草本植物淹水后DOC的释放特征,为库区植被修复与管理提供基础数据.结果表明,几种典型草本植物浸泡后上覆水的DOC浓度变化反映出草本植物淹水后DOC释放呈先增后减,后期趋于平稳的变化过程,在15 d左右达到峰值,表明消落带草本植物淹水浸泡后DOC随植物腐解快速释放,随后释放基本稳定,几种典型草本植物的DOC释放过程符合动力学过程.草本植物浸泡后DOC的释放浓度(最大为苦蒿的486.88 mg·L-1±35.97 mg·L-1,最小为稗子的4.18 mg·L-1±1.07 mg·L-1)、释放量(最大为苦蒿的50.54 mg·g-1,最小为水蓼的6.51mg·g-1)存在显著差异,主要受植物基质的影响,特别是植物基质的C/N值.实验浸泡植物的DOC释放量与相应草本植物基质的C/N值呈显著线性关系.     

毛竹入侵对常绿阔叶林主要树种的化感作用研究

为探讨毛竹入侵对周边森林环境的影响,以毛竹浸提液处理苦槠、青冈种子,测定种子萌发效应.结果表明,两树种种子萌发与浸提液浓度和来源有关.浓度效应表现为高抑低促的作用规律,高浓度处理下苦槠的发芽率为对照的82.3%~102.2%,青冈为对照的80%~90.9%,而低浓度处理下分别为对照的101.7%~107.6%和94.9%~109.1%.除低浓度处理对苦槠发芽速度无影响外,其他处理均对两树种发芽速度有显著的延缓作用(P<0.05).高浓度浸提液对苦槠根系活力有显著的抑制作用(P<0.05),抑制率为41.1%~62.4%.不同来源浸提液处理间差异明显,根系浸提液处理的种子发芽率最低.苦槠芽苗的芽长与不同来源浸提液间差异不显著(P>0.05),而青冈芽苗芽长与不同来源浸提液间差异显著(P<0.05),茎叶、根系与枯落物浸提液高于土壤浸提液.这些结果说明毛竹具有潜在的化感作用,可能有利于其入侵周边森林,从而危害周边森林环境.     

烷基苯联合装置风险及控制研究

烷基苯联合装置含有国家安全监管总局首批重点监管的15种危险化工工艺中的加氢工艺、烷基化工艺两种,装置工艺介质为易燃、易爆、有毒及强腐蚀性物质,生产中潜在危险性较大;开展工艺风险研究,落实控制措施,对于提高装置本质安全性具有极为重要意义.首先探讨了工艺危险和要害部位,确认装置主要风险为火灾、爆炸和毒性危害;然后应用HAZOP方法,以加氢反应进料加热炉、烷基化反应器为分析对象,研究了工艺状态参数温度、压力、物料流量等方面出现偏差的原因、后果及安全措施;还对氢气泄漏发生火灾、爆炸和苯泄漏发生火灾、爆炸、人员中毒进行了事故后果定量分析,提出了相应的安全措施,以消除或降低工艺危险,保障装置安全.     

南京近郊主要森林类型对土壤重金属的吸收与累积规律

研究了南京近郊针、阔叶树种杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、麻栎(Quercus acutissima)对重金属元素铬、铜、镍、铅、锌的吸收和累积规律.研究结果表明,5种重金属元素在2种林分的枯落物层含量均高于灌草层和乔木层各部位,但由于乔木层生物量较大,重金属元索在2种森林生态系统中主要储存在乔...     

上虞某铅锌矿区周边土壤植物重金属含量及其污染评价

以浙江上虞某废弃铅锌尾矿山为中心点,调查分析了其周边不同采样点（抛荒稻田,污染稻田,林地及普通稻田）土壤和植物中重金属含量及污染状况,结果表明,尾矿山周边各采样点土壤As、Zn、Pb和Cu平均含量为328 m.gkg-1、1760 m.gkg-1、2708 m.gkg-1和287 m.gkg-1,以国家土壤环境质量三级...     

普光气田环境空气植物监测体系的初步构想

在简要回顾国内外有关植物监测大气污染研究的基础上,针对普光气田主要大气污染因子与环境监测现状,从监测植物筛选、监测点位选取、监测体系标准化、"植物-大气-土壤"综合评价系统以及应急监测机制等五个方面,讨论了构建该地区环境空气植物监测体系的基本想法和建议,并进行了展望,供项目建设决策参考。     

植物激素对平菇茵丝生长及酶活性的影响

采用固体平板和液体摇瓶培养方法,研究了赤霉素、2,4-D、吲哚乙酸和萘乙酸4种激素对平菇- 126菌丝生长及酶活性的影响.结果表明,吲哚乙酸虽然能提高发酵液胞外蛋白的含量和过氧化物酶活性,但对菌丝的生长起抑制作用,这与吲哚乙酸能引起平菇菌丝裂解和细胞膜渗漏有关;萘乙酸、低浓度2,4-D能促进菌丝的伸长;萘乙酸、赤霉素在低浓度下也能促进菌丝的分枝,对菌丝的生长整体上起促进作用.除吲哚乙酸外,其他3种激素对平菇菌丝生长影响都有两重性:低浓度下能促进菌丝的生长,浓度过高则会对菌丝生长产生毒害作用.     

太湖流域污水处理厂升级改造的措施与思考

太湖蓝藻事件的爆发促使了太湖流域污水处理厂大范围的升级改造,升级改造的主要措施有强化生物处理、深度处理等,具体工程措施需要结合水质处理要求、现有处理工艺、经济发展水平等进行比选。升级改造的出水水质需要结合纳污水体的污染现状和环境容量进行合理确定。升级改造过程中需要重视进水水质水量的设计与监控,加强工程投资和运行费用的控制。     

Evaluating weather effects on interannual variation in net ecosystem productivity of a coastal temperate forest landscape: A model intercomparison

Forest productivity is strongly affected by seasonal weather patterns and by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. However weather effects on forest productivity are not currently represented in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3 used in national forest C accounting programs. To evaluate different approaches to modelling these effects, a model intercomparison was conducted among CBM-CFS3 and four process models (ecosys, CN-CLASS, Can-IBIS and 3PG) over a 2500 ha landscape in the Oyster River (OR) area of British Columbia, Canada. The process models used local weather data to simulate net primary productivity (NPP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and net biome productivity (NBP) from 1920 to 2005. Other inputs used by the process and inventory models were generated from soil, land cover and disturbance records. During a period of intense disturbance from 1928 to 1943, simulated NBP diverged considerably among the models. This divergence was attributed to differences among models in the sizes of detrital and humus C stocks in different soil layers to which a uniform set of soil C transformation coefficients was applied during disturbances. After the disturbance period, divergence in modelled NBP among models was much smaller, and attributed mainly to differences in simulated NPP caused by different approaches to modelling weather effects on productivity. In spite of these differences, age-detrended variation in annual NPP and NEP of closed canopy forest stands was negatively correlated with mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September (T_amax) in all process models (R² = 0.4-0.6), indicating that these correlations were robust. The negative correlation between T_amax and NEP was attributed to different processes in different models, which were tested by comparing CO₂ fluxes from these models with those measured by eddy covariance (EC) under contrasting air temperatures (T_a). The general agreement in sensitivity of annual NPP to T_amax among the process models led to the development of a generalized algorithm for weather effects on NPP of coastal temperate coniferous forests for use in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3: NPP′ = NPP − 57.1 (T_amax − 18.6), where NPP and NPP′ are the current and temperature-adjusted annual NPP estimates from the inventory-based model, 18.6 is the long-term mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September, and T_amax is the mean value for the current year. Our analysis indicated that the sensitivity of NPP to T_amax was nonlinear, so that this algorithm should not be extrapolated beyond the conditions of this study. However the process-based methodology to estimate weather effects on NPP and NEP developed in this study is widely applicable to other forest types and may be adopted for other inventory based forest carbon cycle models.