A Comparative Study On the Levels of Trace Metals in Some Mediterranean and Red Sea Fishes

Samples of Mugil cephalus, Liza ramada, Siganus luridus, Siganus rivulatus, Epinephelus alexandrinus, Epinephelus areolatus, Epinephelus fasciatus, Epinephelus chlorostigma, Cephalopholis argus and Cephalopholis sonnerati were collected from the Mediterranean and Red Seas and their muscle and bone analyzed by AAS for some trace metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb). the results showed that these metals accumulate in the bones to a greater extent than in the muscle. the highest accumulated element is cobalt (4.7-20.8 times), while the lowest is lead (1.1-2.5 times). the accumulation is more pronounced in Red Sea species than in Mediterranean species. the elevated levels of lead in Mugil cephalus (2.6-3.0 mg kg^-1) and Epinephelus alexandrinus (3.0-3.9 mg kg^-1) were attributed to the intake in food in the polluted environment of Alexandria coastal water. the relationship between body size and concentration of trace metals using a standard linear regression technique gives a significant positive correlation for cobalt, manganese, iron and lead in the muscle, as well as for lead in the bones of Mugil species from the Red Sea, while the Mediterranean species showed little correlation.

There is a tendency for increased concentrations of the essential metals manganese, iron and copper with increasing trophic level of the fish, while the opposite is true for the toxic metals chromium and lead. Our results indicate that there is no risk from toxic metal concentrations in muscle of fish from the Mediterranean and Red Seas consumed by man even in contaminated areas.     

Sediment Flux to the Sea as Influenced by Changing Human Activities and Precipitation: Example of the Yellow River,China

Since the 1970s, the sediment flux of the Yellow River to the sea has shown a marked tendency to decrease, which is unfavorable for wetland protection and oil extraction in the Yellow River delta. Thus, an effort has been made to elucidate the relation between the sediment flux to the sea and the drainage basin factors including climate and human activities. The results show that the sediment flux to the sea responds to the changed precipitation in different ways for different runoff and sediment source areas in the drainage basin. If other factors are assumed to be constant, when the annual precipitation in the area between Longmen and Sanmenxia decreases by 10 mm, the sediment flux to the sea will decrease by 27.5 million t/yr; when the precipitation in the area between Hekouzhen and Longmen decreases by 10 mm, the sediment flux to the sea will decrease by 14.3 million t/yr; when the precipitation in the area above Lanzhou decreases by 10 mm, the sediment flux to the sea will decrease by 17.4 million t/yr. A multiple regression equation has been established between the sediment flux to the sea and the influencing factors, such as the area of land terracing and tree and grass planting, the area of the land created by the sediment trapped by check dams, the annual precipitation, and the annual quantity of water diversion by man. The equation may be used to estimate the change in the sediment flux to the sea when the influencing variables are further changed, to provide useful knowledge for the environmental planning of the Yellow River drainage basin and its delta.     

Damage to structures caused by the Japan Sea earthquake of 1983

A summary review of the Japan Sea (Nipponkai-chubu) earthquake of 1983 is presented. Damage to civil and building structures is explained in brief. Owing to the spread of earthquake-proof design, damage sustained was very slight for a M = 7.7 earthquake, except to those built on liquefied ground. Our next target in earthquake engineering may be to protect and maintain the functions of city-facilities against strong shaking so that citizens might not experience much disruption in their daily lives after big earthquakes.     

南黄海6-1级地震前海安台形变电阻率异常特征

追踪研究南黄海６－１ 级地震前,松散覆盖层巨厚地区形变电阻率异常特征。探讨形变电阻率在破坏性地震前兆跟踪中的作用。     

GRADUATE EDUCATION IN WATER RESOURCES: AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH Part II: Post-Production Techniques1

ABSTRACT: The production of a documentary video in a graduate seminar offers advantages over the traditional term paper. These advantages derive from the nature of the videotape medium. The most distinct difference between a written document and a video production is the use of the video camera to record events. In using the camera, the student is required to become involved both in front of the video camera, for example, as an interviewer, and behind the camera as a camera operator. Next, as an editor, the student is required to review the events that she/he has taped for inclusion in the final product. By participating in these three roles, the student has the opportunity to learn interviewing skills while interacting with professionals in the field, to learn videotaping skills, and to see him/herself as he/she appears to others. The student can use the video feedback to improve his/her professional presentation; posture, dress, gestures, speech, and facial expressions all have an impact on how we are perceived by others. Additionally, the painstaking process of reviewing the taped material leads to an intimate knowledge of the topic, and the process of choosing portions out of entire interviews hones the ability to select the crucial or central themes and ideas from any discussion. Finally, the power of video lies in its ability to communicate information to a wide audience. Although the nature of video for the general public does not permit highly detailed or rigorous coverage of any topic, it is a major source of information. Accordingly, video is an important tool that can be used to inform the public about the importance of wise water resource management.     

PREDICTING IMPACTS FROM WATER CONSERVATION AND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ON THE SALTON SEA,CALIFORNIA1

ABSTRACT: An input-output model was developed to predict changes in Salton Sea salinity and water level until the year 2000 due to proposed water conservation efforts and geothermal and solar pond energy developments. The model SALINP provided good agreement with the observed salinities for 1960–80. While SALINP was not overly sensitive to one-year changes in any of the major inputs, a change in the historical means of the Imperial Valley runoff and evaporative loss inputs produced a significant effect on future predictions. The proposed water conservation measures caused the predicted Salton Sea salinity for 2000 to greatly exceed 40,000 ppm, the level at which adverse effects to wildlife are believed to occur. The possible geothermal development also produced predicted salinities considerably above 40,000 ppm. The salinity predictions for solar ponds by themselves and in conjunction with geothermal development were below 45,000 ppm for 2000. The solar pond and geothermal combination also resulted in a predicted lowering of the “natural” water level by 5 to 7 feet by 2000.     

黄河三角洲土壤真菌群落结构对盐生植被演替的响应

采用高通量测序技术,探究了黄河三角洲光板地和4种盐生植被(翅碱蓬、獐茅、白茅和罗布麻)下土壤真菌群落结构组成及分布特征,揭示其与盐生植被演替的关系.结果表明,随盐生植被正向演替,土壤质量有不断改善的趋势.轻度耐盐群落(罗布麻群落、白茅群落)土壤中真菌丰富度相对较高,其Shannon多样性指数分别为5.21、5.84;在重度耐盐群落(翅碱蓬、獐茅)土壤中真菌丰富度较低,其Shannon多样性指数分别为4.64、4.66.在不同演替阶段时,土壤真菌群落结构差别相对较大(Unifrac Metric值为0.48~0.67).土壤中全氮含量是影响真菌OTU数、ACE指数和Shannon指数的主要因素.5个土壤样本共获得60174条有效序列,可归到子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、壶菌门(Chytridiomycota)、球囊菌门(Glomeromycota)、毛霉亚门(Mucoromycotina)5个真菌门;其中,子囊菌门在重度耐盐植物群落(翅碱蓬、獐茅)中相对丰度较高(2.69%、69.97%),担子菌门在轻度耐盐群落(罗布麻群落、白茅群落)中相对丰度较高(9.43%、6.64%).     

黄河表层沉积物中有机氯农药的相关性分析与风险评价

利用GC-ECD检测了黄河中下游干支流23个表层沉积物中的有机氯农药,探讨了有机氯农药含量与沉积物粒度、TOC之间以及有机氯农药组分之间的相关性,评价了有机氯农药的污染水平和生态风险.结果表明:沉积物中有机氯农药总含量范围为0.35～22.92 ng·g-1,其中HCHs与DDTs的含量较高,分别为0.09～12.88 ng·g-1和0.05-5.03 ng·g-1.干流中有机氯农药的含量从中游到中下游呈逐渐升高趋势,主要支流中的含量为:新蟒河＞金堤河＞汜水＞伊洛河＞沁河.沉积物中牯土、TOC、六氯苯、HCHs、九氯、B-硫丹类农药含量与有机氯农药总含量之间显著相关,在决定有机氯农药含量和分布上起着重要的作用.HCHs和六氯苯、反式氯丹、硫丹类农药,氯丹和九氯、硫丹硫酸盐类农药;六氯苯和β-硫丹含量显著相关,很可能具有相似的分布机制和输入来源;而DDTs与其它类农药含量不相关,其分布和来源可能不相同.与沉积物风险评估值对比,黄河表层沉积物中的有机氯农药存在一定的生态风险.     

黄河尾闾故道区荒漠化成因及治理对策研究

黄河故道区由于其特殊的历史原因,荒漠化现象一直是困扰这些地区的主要自然灾害之一。山东省位于黄河下游,历史上黄河的多次改道对其影响深重,黄河改道后遗留下来的黄河故道区由于水分的减少为土地荒漠化的形成奠定了基础,造成某些地区土地荒漠化严重。以山东省聊城地区的冠县为例,分析了黄河故道区土地荒漠化的成因,除了黄河改道的影响外,还包括该区较为恶劣自然条件和不合理的人类活动的作用。探讨了目前冠县荒漠化现状和治理的现状及治理所面临的困难。本着防止和减轻黄河故道区的荒漠化的目的,提出了治理黄河故道区荒漠化的四条对策,分别是因地制宜,分区治理;广辟渠道,增加建设投入,改善投资环境;完善执法体系建设,逐步提高科学管理的水平;控制人口数量,加强宣传力度,提高认识。