A conceptual approach to selection of a control measure for residual chlorine discharge in Kuwait bay

It is estimated that some 17 metric tons of residual oxidants (chlorine) are discharged into the enclosed coastal seawater of Kuwait on a daily basis from power-desalination plants alone. Alarmed by the unlimited number of reported cases of damage to marine aquatic systems due to chlorine discharge around the world, several alternatives were proposed to control such a massive discharge of residual oxidant into seawaters. Most of the proposed alternatives lacked the basic criteria necessary for their evaluation, justification, and then selection. The objective of this article is to provide a conceptual approach that can be used to select a control measure for residual oxidant discharge in Kuwait coastal seawaters. This approach is based on state-of-the-art knowledge and the unique operational and environmental factors involved. A matrix system was designed whereby the cost of residual chlorine control alternative, its effectiveness, and environmental and public health impact, performance, and reliability in Kuwait can be compared and evaluated. The selection approach considered currently operating power plants in terms of their engineering design and material (cast iron or steel condensers), current operational conditions, operator's perception, acceptability, and projected problems associated with the environmental management of proposed modifications. The proposed approach revealed that in Kuwait, conventinal chlorination was marginally superseded only by chlorination/dechlorination using SO₂ and operation alteration using process optimization. The overall cost-effective assessment matrix classified other alternatives as worse than chlorination by various degrees. Ozone and UV were found to be the worst and the least desirable alternatives for biofouling control of seawater in Kuwait. In light of the available information on the consequences of the Gulf War on the marine environment, and the potential formation of additional halogenated organic compounds through the reaction of residual chlorine with the released petroleum hydrocarbons, it is essential to control residual chlorine discharged into the nearshore environment of Kuwait.     

铁床／二氧化氯组合工艺处理蒽醌类染料废水

针对某染料厂蒽醌染料生产过程中排放的废水，具有COD、色度、酸度均较高的特点，采用铁床／二氧化氯组合工艺处理，废水水质得到了较好的处理，达到了当地污水处理厂的接管标准。     

用自旋捕集技术研究氟化物刺激人多形核白细胞呼吸爆发产生的活性氧自由基

用ESR波谱研究证明,F~-刺激人多形核白细胞(PMN)呼吸爆发产生活性氧自由基(O_2~-和·OH),同时消耗O_2.用DMPO自旋捕集技术表明,在高浓度F~-刺激下PMN产生DMPO-OOH加合物;在低浓度F~-刺激下则产生DMPO-OH;在适中浓度F~-刺激下PMN先产生DMPO-OOH,随浓度降低变为DMPO-OH.用超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的实验确定氧自由基主要来自O_2~-.用CTPO和CrOX的自旋探针测氧法证明,PMN受F~-刺激产生氧自由基时消耗的O_2是细胞外介质中的O_2.     

机械卷载和余氯对渔业资源损失量评估初探

火(核)电厂、液化天然气(LNG)接收站排放余氯水和取水机械卷载效应均对渔业资源带来影响.本文以LNG接收站工程为例,依据2004年5、8、11月和2005年5月评价水域渔业调查资料,采用渔业资源尾数密度(包括鱼卵、仔鱼生长形成的部分)、受影响的面积和鱼类商品体重的乘积作为计算模式,评估机械卷载和余氯对渔业资源的损失量.结果表明,LNG接收站余氯和机械卷载引起的渔业资源损失量为176.0t/a.本文所采用的评估方法,有助于解决海洋工程影响渔业资源数量评估的实践问题,对渔业资源物损评价标准的制定有一定的参考价值.     

深度处理生活污水，提高出水水质

东滩煤矿地下水资源较为紧张，而该矿热电厂全面投产后用水需求量又非常之大，为综合利用现有水资源，提出对该矿污水处理站生活污水处理工艺进行改造，并对改造前后的各项指标进行了预测和比较。     

物化法处理制罐生产废水

根据调查研究制罐（铝质易拉罐）生产废水的来源、水质及水量，提出了“酸化破乳、中和、混凝沉淀、过滤、活性炭吸附”的处理工艺。利用实验室试验结果，在某制罐厂建成一座处理规模为４００ｍ３／ｄ的废水处理站。废水经处理后，各项指标均符合排放标准。     

The review programme in the European Union for existing biocidal active substances—outcome of the notification process

The European Commission Biocidal Products Directive 98/8/EC lays down rules and procedures concerning the placing of biocidal products on the EU market. Based on the Directive, a First Review Regulation was adopted for the review of existing biocidal active substances. These substances had to be either identified or notified (two different processes) to the European Chemicals Bureau (ECB) by 28 March 2002. More than 1000 companies took part in the review programme. In total 953 different existing active substances were identified and 372 different substances were notified. This article presents an analysis of the notified substances regarding the number of notifications per substance, notifiers per substance and per Member State and number of notified substances per product type. The results are compared with data from former statistics.     

粉状活性炭在气浮工艺处理滇池水中的应用研究

粉状活性炭应用于气浮工艺中能发挥吸附和提供絮聚中心的协同作用 ,提高工艺效率。该工艺对滇池水的色度、COD、BOD及藻类的去除率分别达到 72 %、 57 2 %、 2 4 %和 97 6%。     

TiO2薄膜光催化剂的制备及其活性

用活化反应蒸发技术制备了不同附载条件的TiO2薄膜光催化剂，膜厚度在0．5μm－1.2μm之间，经400℃退火后用XRD测定其晶型结构，发现无定型TiO2已部分转变为锐钛矿型。薄膜光催化剂连续使用两次活性会下降，用HCl冲洗活性即可恢复。考察了不同波长的电光源和不同辐射强度的太阳光下两种催化剂薄膜的活性比较，结果发现短波长电光源下（254nm）膜厚度以0．5μm最佳，而强烈辐射的太阳光下膜厚度以1.2μm最佳。     

炼油厂污水回用处理研究

研究表明，炼油厂外排污水采用悬浮载体生物接触氧化、砂滤和臭氧生物活性炭工艺深度处理，主要污染物都有良好的去除效果，总出水清澈、无色，可以满足多种回用要求。分析表明，大部分还原性污染物通过生物深度处理而去除，而微量有机物主要由臭氧生物活性炭去除。工艺系统具有除污染效率高、运行稳定、抗冲击能力强等优点。