用自旋捕集技术研究氟化物刺激人多形核白细胞呼吸爆发产生的活性氧自由基

用ESR波谱研究证明,F^-刺激人多形核白细胞（PMN）呼吸爆发产生活性氧自由基（O₂^-和·OH）,同时消耗O₂.用DMPO自旋捕集技术表明,在高浓度F^-刺激下PMN产生DMPO-OOH加合物;在低浓度F^-刺激下则产生DMPO-OH;在适中浓度F^-刺激下PMN先产生DMPO-OOH,随浓度降低变为DMPO-OH.用超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的实验确定氧自由基主要来自O₂^-.用CTPO和CrOX的自旋探针测氧法证明,PMN受F^-刺激产生氧自由基时消耗的O₂是细胞外介质中的O₂.     

用ESR研究香烟烟气对多形核白细胞呼吸爆发的影响

用自旋捕集技术,以二甲基吡咯啉氮酮DMPO(5,5-dimethyl—1-oxide)作为捕捉剂,对吸烟中的气相物质能否刺激人多形核白细胞(PMN)进行呼吸爆发以及吸烟中的气相物质对促癌剂咐(口拜)醇PMA(phorbol myristate acetate)刺激的PMN释放的O_2~-动力学过程的影响进行了研究。结果表明,香烟烟气不能刺激PMN释放O_2~-,但可以改变受PMA刺激的PMN释放O_2~-的动力学过程,且随香烟烟气量的增加,PMN释放出O_2~-的浓度逐渐减小。     

香烟气相物质引发的脂质过氧化与粒细胞呼吸爆发关系的ESR研究

香烟气相物质和空气都能使卵磷脂脂质体发生脂质过氧化.用ESR自旋捕集技术,以DMPO为捕捉剂,研究这种过氧化的脂质体对大鼠腹腔粒细胞(RPG)呼吸爆发的影响.结果表明,一定过氧化程度的脂质可增加促癌剂PMA刺激RPG产生的O_2~-.脂浓度为0.5mg/ml时,这种作用随充烟量的增加先不断增强,30s左右达最大值,然后又逐渐减小.空气引发的脂质过氧化对RPG呼吸爆发有相似的作用.     

碱溶液中DMPO-OH加合物EPR信号形成研究

为考察碱溶液中DMPO-OH加合物的形成情况及其影响因素,以NaOH溶液为对象,利用EPR（electron paramagnetic resonance,电子顺磁共振）技术,通过DMPO（5,5-二甲基-1-吡咯啉-N-氧化物）自旋捕获,对不同条件下NaOH溶液中DMPO-OH加合物的形成及变化规律进行研究,探讨DMPO-OH加合物的生成过程及降解过程反应机制.结果表明:①将DMPO添加到碱溶液中后,在EPR内检测到典型的DMPO-OH四重特征峰（1:2:2:1）,说明碱溶液中形成了DMPO-OH加合物.②紫外光激发下,碱溶液体系能产生更强的DMPO-OH加合物特征信号,暗反应体系次之,可见光条件下最弱.③体系中DMPO-OH加合物的生成与碱溶液浓度密切相关,当c（NaOH）由0.001 mol/L增至2 mol/L时,DMPO-OH加合物的EPR信号峰呈先增后减最终几乎消失的变化趋势.④紫外光照时间对体系中DMPO-OH加合物的存在影响显著,随着光照时间的延长,DMPO-OH加合物的浓度并没有逐渐增高,而是更加倾向于逐渐降低的趋势,这可能是由于形成的DMPO-OH加合物在短时间内被淬灭或分解.⑤碱溶液中DMPO-OH加合物的生成过程为瞬态过程,降解过程占主导,并且紫外光在其生成及降解过程中发挥了重要作用.研究显示,当c（DMPO）为350 mmol/L、c（NaOH）为0.1 mol/L、紫外光照时间为15 min时,碱溶液中DMPO-OH加合物的EPR信号最佳.      

臭氧对生物活性炭中微生物及出水消毒副产物的影响

为探究饮用水处理过程中臭氧(O_3)对生物活性炭(BAC)中微生物及出水消毒副产物(DBPs)的影响,以饮用水小试装置的O_3-BAC工段开展研究,系统分析在不同O_3浓度下的水质变化,溶解性有机物(DOM)特征,微生物活性和DBPs产生情况.结果表明,O_3对BAC过滤的影响主要表现为提升微生物对DOM的利用效率,但O_3浓度过高会导致出水中蛋白质和微生物代谢产物(SMPs)等有机物增加.当O_3浓度从0 mg·L~(-1)提升到2. 0 mg·L~(-1)时,BAC中微生物存活率从95. 10%降至62. 60%,但O_3将出水中难降解有机物转变为易生物降解物质,使得微生物活性提高了62. 52%,BAC的生物过滤得到强化;当O_3浓度增加到4. 0 mg·L~(-1)时,微生物存活率降至49. 90%,同时微生物产生的蛋白质和SMPs增加,导致含碳消毒副产物(CDBPs)和含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs)的生成浓度与不通O_3相比分别上升41. 93%和7. 18%,大大增加水体潜在危险.综上,合适O_3浓度有利于O_3-BAC对DOM的去除,O_3浓度过高会导致BAC过滤效果变差并产生新的DBPs前体物.     

郑州市夏、秋季大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子质量浓度及粒径分布特征

为研究我国中原城市群中心城市郑州市的不同粒径大气颗粒物的组成特征,利用八级撞击式采样器在夏、秋季进行大气颗粒物分级采样,利用离子色谱测定Na~+、Ca~(2+)、NH_4~+、K~+、Mg~(2+)、F~-、Cl~-、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)共9种离子的浓度,利用在线离子色谱分析仪监测颗粒物中硝酸盐的实时浓度.结果表明,采样期间郑州市水溶性离子平均浓度为(70. 9±52. 1)μg·m~(-3),其中监测的9种水溶性离子浓度从大到小顺序依次为:NO_3~- SO_4~(2-) NH_4~+ Ca~(2+) Na~+ Cl~- Mg~(2+) K~+ F~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+占总水溶性离子的质量分数为79. 9%;无论在秋季或夏季SO_4~(2-)主要集中在≤1. 1μm粒径段上,而NO_3~-主要集中在0. 65～3. 3μm粒径段上. NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)夏季和秋季均呈双峰分布,主要分布于细粒子中; NH_4~+夏季呈双峰分布,秋季呈单峰分布,表现出季节变化.郑州市夏季臭氧污染严重,O_3与NO_3~-明显地"错峰"现象,表示大气中存在光化学反应;秋季颗粒物污染严重,采样期间[NO_3~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]的比值远大于0. 5,移动源成为颗粒物重要的来源.夏季NOR、SOR峰值在1. 1～2. 1μm粒径段上,秋季两者峰值在0. 65～1. 1μm粒径段上;夏季硫的气-粒转化大于氮的转化,而秋季则相反.     

Fenton试剂液相催化氧化亚硝酸盐实验研究

氧化法烟气脱硝技术在超低排放背景下很有应用前景,解决氧化吸收后亚硝酸盐的水体二次污染问题有助于推广该技术。该文验证了碱液吸收NO_2后,亚硝酸盐生成机制。通过对比试验选定最佳NO_2~-检测方法。考察了Fenton试剂液相催化氧化NO_2~-效果。探讨了pH值、H_2O_2浓度、Fe~(2+)浓度、微波敏化等因素对NO_2~-转化效率的影响。结果显示:Fenton试剂能够氧化亚硝酸盐,其中pH值、H_2O_2浓度、Fe~(2+)浓度,以及是否施加微波等条件,是NO_2~-转化效率的重要影响因素。当NO_2~-的浓度为452.51 mg/L时,加入0.03 mol/L H_2O_2和3 mmol/L的Fe~(2+)与之反应(无微波及活性炭敏化条件),可使NO_2~-转化效率高达94.88%;pH值、H_2O_2浓度、Fe~(2+)浓度等是NO_2~-转化效率的重要影响因素,最佳p H值是3,H_2O_2浓度、Fe~(2+)浓度的增加可提高NO_2~-转化效率;微波可提高NO_2~-转化效率,施加微波可将NO_2~-转化效率从58.88%提高至68.89%,且活性炭的添加可强化微波敏化效果,其中果壳基活性炭强化效果优于椰壳基活性炭。     

泰安市大气臭氧污染特征及敏感性分析

2018年5～7月对泰安市城区站点的臭氧及前体物进行在线监测,并基于特征比值法和光化学模型分析了臭氧及前体物的污染特征及臭氧生成对前体物的敏感性.结果表明,观测期间泰安市正遭受较为严重的臭氧(O_3)污染,臭氧浓度的日变化呈典型的单峰型变化,15:00左右出现最高值,氮氧化物(NO_x)和VOCs的日变化趋势整体呈现夜间高白天低的变化特征.由O_3生成效率(OPE)、VOCs/NO_x和H_2O_2/NO_z特征比值法及基于EKMA曲线的方法均得出观测期间泰安市大气O_3光化学生成偏向于NO_x敏感区及过渡区,削减NO_x和VOCs均对O_3生成具有控制作用.同时基于EKMA曲线的方法还得出在O_3前体物浓度减排时按照丙烯等效浓度(PE)与NO_x浓度比值为8∶3进行VOCs(PE)和NO_x削减可以达到O_3浓度控制的最佳效果.     

光催化-膜分离耦合工艺处理水溶液中氟苯尼考的研究

构建了新型浸没式陶瓷平板膜光催化反应器,考察了Ti O_2投加量、光强、溶液p H、膜孔径等因素对氟苯尼考降解过程的影响,分析了光催化氧化效果、Ti O_2截留率和膜污染状况。结果表明:当氟苯尼考初始浓度为20 mg/L时,在Ti O_2投加量为100 mg/L、254 nm紫外灯总功率为450 W、溶液初始p H为6.56的条件下,连续运行3 h后TOC去除率可达到92.97%;孔径为0.1,1μm的陶瓷膜对Ti O_2截留率均可达到99%以上,但后者的膜通量衰减率更低。F~-、Cl~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)为降解过程中主要生成的阴离子,由此可初步推测出氟苯尼考矿化过程中阴离子的产生途径。     

基于EPR技术的5种纳米金属氧化物光生活性物种的形成研究

纳米金属氧化物的光化学性质使其成为新的催化剂和杀菌剂,而活性氧化物种(Reactive Oxygen Species,ROS)作为其具有催化杀菌性能的主要原因受到广泛关注.本研究通过电子顺磁共振(EPR)自旋捕捉和自旋标记技术,研究了5种纳米金属氧化物(n Al_2O_3、n CuO、n Ti O_2、n Fe_2O_3和n ZnO)在不同光照条件下形成光生电子、羟基自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子(O_2~-·)和单线态氧(~1O_2)的能力.结果表明,在光照过程中,n Al_2O_3、n CuO、n Ti O_2和n ZnO能够生成·OH和~1O_2,n Fe_2O_3只生成了~1O_2.其中,n Ti O_2生成的光生电子和·OH最多,n CuO仅次于n Ti O_2,n Al_2O_3和n ZnO能够生成·OH,但生成量很少.本实验结果可为预测和评价纳米金属氧化物的光催化性能及环境风险提供一定的理论支持.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.