Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and other fluorochemicals in fish blood collected near the outfall of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Beijing

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were measured in zooplankton and five fish species collected from Gaobeidian Lake, which receives discharge from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Beijing, China. The mean total PFCs in five fish were in the order: crucian carp > common carp > leather catfish > white semiknife carp > tilapia. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) occurred at the greatest concentrations, with mean concentrations ranging from 5.74 to 64.2 ng/ml serum. Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) was the second dominant PFC in fish samples except for common carp in which perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) was dominant. A positive linear relationship (r² = 0.85, p < 0.05) was observed between ln PFOS concentrations (ln ng/ml) and trophic level (based on δ¹⁵N) if tilapia was excluded. The risk assessment showed that PFOS might not pose an immediate risk to fish in Gaobeidian Lake.     

Volatile Organic Compounds: Sampling Methods and Their Worldwide Profile in Ambient Air

The atmosphere is a particularly difficult analytical system because of the very low levels of substances to be analysed, sharp variations in pollutant levels with time and location, differences in wind, temperature and humidity. This makes the selection of an efficient sampling technique for air analysis a key step to reliable results. Generally, methods for volatile organic compounds sampling include collection of the whole air or preconcentration of samples on adsorbents. All the methods vary from each other according to the sampling technique, type of sorbent, method of extraction and identification technique. In this review paper we discuss various important aspects for sampling of volatile organic compounds by the widely used and advanced sampling methods. Characteristics of various adsorbents used for VOCs sampling are also described. Furthermore, this paper makes an effort to comprehensively review the concentration levels of volatile organic compounds along with the methodology used for analysis, in major cities of the world.     

有机物辛醇／水分配系数的计算方法：分子碎片常数法

辛醇／水分配系数是表征有机污染物环境行为的重要参数之一，本文应用于碎片常数计算了１３０余个有机化合物的辛醇／水分配系数对数值，通过计算值与实测值的比较发现，两者之间表现出相当好的一致性，其平均绝对误差为０．１３５，此外，还探讨了该方法应用于不同类型有机污染物时需要注意的问题。     

Identification of Odor Causing Compounds in a Commercial Dairy Farm

The odorous air emissions from confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs), such as swine, poultry and dairy farms, are increasingly raising community complaints. Odorous emissions can result in health damages, psychological discomforts and adverse aesthetic effects in the community. However, these emissions are not well characterized up to now due to the lack of legislation, the limitations in sampling and instrumentation techniques, and the complexity of the emissions themselves. This study is aimed at the development of a high volume sampler and sorbent assembly to identify the odor causing compounds from a diary CAFO. The sorbent was custom designed to target the potential compounds that may exist in a dairy farm and was validated in laboratory with a synthetic odor from the swine manure. The actual samples at the diary farm were collected in spring and summer of 2005. The sorbents were solvent extracted and individual odor compounds were identified using GC–MS (gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy). The data obtained indicated that high volume sampling can shorten the sampling time from days to within 4 h. Both volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) have been identified from the dairy farm, such as phenol, methylphenol, 4-ethyl phenol, indole, methyl indole, benzyl alcohol, hexanoic acid, valeric acid and iso-valeric acid, together with some nitrogen containing compounds that have not been reported before.     

Novel Co-Mg-Al-Ti-O catalyst derived from hydrotalcite-like compound for NO storage/decomposition

Catalysts of Co_1.5Mg_1.5/Al_0.9Ti_0.1O and Co_1.5Mg_1.5/AlO were successfully prepared by calcinations of corresponding hydrotalcite-like compounds at 800℃ for 4 hr. The derived oxides were of spinel phase and a small quantity of Ti substitution did not change the crystal purity. Their catalytic performance for the NO storage/decomposition was investigated. Ti incorporation enhanced the NO decomposition activity while has an opposite effect on the storage capacity of catalyst. In situ FT-IR spectra of the catalysts showed that the final adsorption species on the catalysts was coordinated nitrates/nitrites. In addition, NO storage/decomposition mechanism has been discussed on the basis of these observations.     

Degradation kinetics and mechanism of aniline by heat-assisted persulfate oxidation

Oxidation of aniline by persulfate in aqueous solutions was investigated and the reaction kinetic rates under different temperature, persulfate concentration and pH conditions were examined in batch experiments. The results showed that, the aniline degradation followed pseudo first-order reaction model. Aniline degradation rate increased with increasing temperature or persulfate concentration. In the pH range of 3 to 11, a low aniline degradation rate was obtained at strong acid system (pH 3), while a high degradation rate was achieved at strong alkalinity (pH 11). Maximum aniline degradation occurred at pH 7 when the solution was in a weak level of acid and alkalinity (pH 5, 7 and 9). Produced intermediates during the oxidation process were identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technology. And nitrobenzene, 4-4’-diaminodiphenyl and 1-hydroxy-1,2-diphenylhydrazine have been identified as the major intermediates of aniline oxidation by persulfate and the degradation mechanism of aniline was also tentatively proposed.     

紫外光降解对生物过滤塔去除氯苯性能的影响机制研究

紫外-生物过滤联合工艺中的紫外单元促进了后续生物过滤单元的氯苯去除性能.为了进一步揭示紫外光降解对生物过滤塔运行性能的影响机制,本研究系统分析了紫外光降解对生物过滤塔填料层pH、生物膜特性和填料层结构特性等方面的影响.结果表明,氯苯紫外光降解产物导致了生物过滤单元填料层pH的下降(从pH 6～8降至pH 4～7);另外,紫外单元产生的臭氧降低了生物过滤单元生物膜厚度和生物膜的EPS含量,改善了生物膜的特性,提高了氯苯和营养物质在生物膜内的传质效率.同时,臭氧可以有效控制生物量过量积累,增加了填料层的比表面积(从784 m2.m-3增加至880 m2.m-3),优化了填料层的结构特性,提高了污染物的反应速率.上述各方面的综合作用最终促进了生物过滤单元的氯苯去除性能.     

长白山温带森林挥发性有机物的排放通量

2010年夏季,在长白山温带森林开展了挥发性有机物(VOC)排放通量以及气象参数、PAR的综合测量.VOC排放通量采用松弛涡度积累(RelaxedEddyAccumulation)技术在森林冠层上进行测量.初步发现长白山阔叶林主要排放α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、莰烯、香桧烯、月桂烯、蒈烯、柠檬烯、罗勒烯、松油烯、繖花烃、萜品油烯、三环烯等.研究表明,长白山阔叶混交林VOC排放有明显的日变化——早晚较低和中午前后较高.2010年夏季,单萜烯总排放通量的平均值为0.242mg·m·h-2-1,其变化范围为0.005～1.668mg·m·h-2-1;各成分排放通量的平均值(和最大值)分别为α-蒎烯0.072(0.234)、莰烯0.028(0.356)、月桂烯0.027(0.433)、蒈烯0.023(0.173)、柠檬烯0.037(0.197)、罗勒烯0.016(0.168)、萜品油烯0.053(0.320)、繖花烃0.067(0.755)mg·m·h-2-1.研究还发现VOC排放通量与气温之间存在一定的联系.     

基于遥感资料的中国东部地区植被VOCs排放强度研究

本研究充分基于遥感资料获取中国东部地区叶面积指数和叶生物量的最新信息,并广泛调研了植被VOCs排放因子的最新研究进展,以2008—2010年的植被和气象的平均状态为背景,基于MEGAN排放模型,研究了中国东部地区植被VOCs(BVOCs)排放的时空分布特征.结果表明,我国东部地区BVOCs年排放总量为11.3×106t(以C计,下同),其中异戊二烯(ISOP)、单萜烯(MON)和其它VOC(OVOC)质量分数(下同),分别为44.9%、31.5%、23.6%.BVOCs排放呈现明显的季节变化特征,春、夏、秋、冬4个季节分别占全年的11.2%、71.8%、14.1%和3.0%.空间分布上,排放高值区主要分布于大小兴安岭、长白山脉、秦岭大巴山脉、东南丘陵、海南等植被茂密的区域,年均排放强度一般在1500～6000kg·km-·2a-1之间,福建、广东、江西、浙江、湖南、湖北等省份BVOCs的排放总量与平均排放强度均较高.本研究所得到的高时空分辨率的BVOCs排放清单,可以为区域环境与气候的数值模拟研究提供基础.     

植物释放挥发性有机物(BVOC)向二次有机气溶胶(SOA)转化机制研究

利用自制玻璃生态罩,研究植物挥发性有机物（BVOC）的释放机制.在紫外光诱导条件下,BVOC经历一系列的光氧化反应,最终产生了二次有机气溶胶（SOA）.运用固相微萃取（SPME）和气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）技术,对目标植物（驱蚊草）释放出的BVOC进行采样分析,共检测出7种主要化合物,其中主要为单萜类、倍半萜类、醇类和酮类物质.研究发现,在紫外光的照射下,这些BVOC可以发生光氧化反应转化为SOA.利用串联差分淌度分析仪（TDMA）测定SOA的粒径分布和SOA颗粒物的吸湿性.结果表明粒径范围大致是50～320 nm,吸湿性研究发现这些SOA具有吸湿性,生长因子可以从1.05增长到1.11.