Plant Bioavailability of “natural” and “model” Humic acid‐bound [14c] Atrazine residues

The release of bound [14C] atrazine residues and their uptake by maize plants was investigated.

“Natural”; humic acids, extracted from a brown soil, and “model”; humic acids, prepared from catechol, both containing bound [14C] atrazine residues were incubated with plants in soil. After 21 days, the maize plants contained 0.7% (plants grown in soil mixed with “natural”; humic acids) to 1.7% (plants grown in soil mixed with “model”; humic acids) of the radioactivity originally introduced.

The roots contained 55 to 70% of the [14C] residues whereas the remainder was present in the shoots. A significant amount of the total [14C] residues (29 to 53%) became again bound in plant tissues, whereas the, majority of extractable [14C] residues was present in the form of conjugates.

The behaviour of “model”; humic acid‐bound residues was comparable to that of “natural”; humic acid‐bound residues or soil‐bound residues.     

Environmental fate of pesticides used in Australian viticulture V. Behaviour of atrazine in the soils of the south Australian Riverland

The transport of the s‐triazine herbicide, atrazine, through the red, calcareous earth soils of the South Australian Riverland was investigated. Small, undisturbed soil cores were extracted from the inter‐row topsoil of a vineyard adjacent to the River Murray, approximately 10 km south‐west of Overland Corner, South Australia. The vines were grown in a deep (1–4 m) reddish brown, strongly alkaline, sandy loam with a low organic carbon content (<2%). Atrazine concentrations in the leachate were dependent on application rate and soil type. High application rates on subsoil gave high rates of leaching for a longer time compared to the same application rate on topsoil and/or lower application rates on either topsoil or subsoil. Overall, 37–65% of the applied atrazine was detected in the leachate from subsoil cores, 14–25% in topsoil core leachates. Small amounts of atrazine (< 10% of applied dose) were found only in the top 2 cm of the core profiles. The results suggest that this herbicide is somewhat mobile in such strongly alkaline, sandy loam soils and that the irrigated soils of this region are likely to be prone to leaching of atrazine, and therefore that groundwater supplies in this area may be at risk of contamination through use of triazine herbicides.     

生物炭对土壤中阿特拉津吸附特征的影响

为探究生物炭对土壤中阿特拉津的吸附特征及影响因素,采用批处理实验研究了灭菌(T1)、5%秸秆生物炭+灭菌(T2)、未灭菌(T3)和5%秸秆生物炭+未灭菌(T4)条件下对土壤中阿特拉津吸附特征及土壤理化性质的影响.结果表明,在最初0—12 h内,不同处理下阿特拉津吸附量均随时间的延长而快速增加,而在12—96 h内增加较为缓慢并逐渐趋于平衡.在96 h时,T2和T4处理下阿特拉津最大吸附量分别达到46.22 mg·kg^-1和46.43 mg·kg^-1,而未添加生物炭的T1和T3处理则有所降低,分别为44.20 mg·kg^-1和43.09 mg·kg^-1.准二级动力学模型更好地拟合不同处理下土壤对阿特拉津吸附特征,T2和T4处理下吸附速率常数K分别为0.257 kg·mg^-1·h^-1和0.339 kg·mg^-1·h^-1,显著高于未添加生物炭处理的T1和T3处理(K分别为-0.083 kg·mg^-1·h^-1和-0.261 kg·mg^-1·h^-1).内扩散模型显示添加生物炭后,土壤对阿特拉津的吸附是一个由边界扩散、内部孔隙扩散等多因素控制的复杂化学过程.添加生物炭可显著提高土壤pH、有机碳、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,其中土壤有机碳含量与阿特拉津最大吸附量之间存在显著的正相关关系(P<0.05).由此可见,添加生物炭可以提高土壤对阿特拉津的固持能力,减少其淋溶迁移风险,从而达到修复阿特拉津污染土壤的目的.     

阿特拉津降解菌BTAH1的分离与鉴定

从除草剂污染的土壤中,驯化分离得到 1株能够以阿特拉津为唯一碳源氮源生长的革兰氏阳性细菌 BTAH1,该菌株能够在 126h内完全降解1000mg/L的阿特拉津.通过生理生化鉴定,结合16S rDNA聚类分析,将该菌株鉴定为微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium sp.).外加碳源不会促进该菌株对阿特拉津的降解,该菌株的最适降解温度为 25～30℃,最适降解 pH 值在 7～9 之间.该菌株具有 2 个大质粒, pBTAH11 和pBTAH12,大小分别为 20kb 和 100kb,基因定位发现有 2 个参与阿特拉津降解的基因位于其中一个较小的质粒(pBTAH11)上.     

基于光谱学和电化学方法的莠去津毒理作用评价

为探索莠去津对DNA的损伤及其毒性作用机制,采用紫外吸收光谱法、荧光光谱法以及电化学方法研究了莠去津与鲱鱼精DNA的相互作用,探讨了二者形成DNA加合物的作用方式.结果表明,莠去津与鲱鱼精DNA作用后,莠去津的紫外光谱呈现减色效应,并有轻微红移现象,而其荧光光谱强度明显增强;循环伏安法显示莠去津与DNA作用能引起莠去津还原电位正移,峰电流减小.以上实验结果表明,莠去津平面分子能够嵌插到DNA双螺旋链中,形成较稳定的加合物.采用电化学方法测得莠去津与鲱鱼精DNA的结合比为1:1,结合常数为1.2×105.该研究为莠去津毒理作用评价提供了一种简便的方法。     

Atrazine and metolachlor residues in brookston Cl following conventional and conservation tillage culture

Atrazine and metolachlor are extensively used in Ontario, Canada for control of broadleaf weeds and annual grasses in corn. Conservation tillage may alter the physical and biological environment of soil affecting herbicide dissipation. The rate of dissipation of these two herbicides in soil from conventional, ridge and no-tillage culture was followed. Herbicide dissipation was best described by first order reaction kinetics. Half life, the time for herbicide residues to dissipate to half their initial concentration, was unaffected by tillage. Half life for atrazine and metolachlor was similar and ranged from 31 to 66 d. The rate of dissipation decreased in dry years when soil moisture content was low. In a dry year, herbicide residues during the growing season were significantly greater on ridge tops than in the other tillage treatments. However, after harvest no differences in herbicide residues were detected among tillage treatments. Residues of atrazine (6 to 9% of applied) and metolachlor (4 to 6%) were detected in soil before planting a year after application. De-ethyl atrazine, the primary degradation product of atrazine, increased in concentration during the growing season with the greatest concentrations measured at harvest and in years when atrazine dissipated fastest. De-ethyl atrazine one year after application accounted for about 12% of the remaining triazine residue. These herbicide residues would not be phytotoxic to subsequent crops but are a potential source for leaching to ground and surface waters.     

太阳光催化降解阿特拉津的研究

利用太阳光作光源,用含在颗粒活性炭中的TiO2(TiO2／GAC)作光催化剂,在流动循环系统中考察了阿特拉津的光催化降解效果。在阿特拉津初始质量浓度27．18mg／L、液体循环流量6L／h、液体总体积400mL、平均辐照度2．64mW／cm^2、液体温度40℃、TiO2／GAC质量浓度7g／L、3％H2o2用量240μL,光催化反应时间1．65h的条件下,阿特拉津去除率达92．8％,TOC去除率接近70％。通过测定光催化降解过程中TOC的变化、紫外吸收光谱吸收峰的变化和质谱图对阿特拉津的降解途径和降解程度进行了分析。     

泡沫镍/铁粉脱氯降解莠去津

在 Ni/Fe 二元金属粉末脱氯降解莠去津的基础上,为了减少镍的流失对环境产生的二次污染,采用泡沫镍/铁粉体系作为还原剂,研究其对莠去津的脱氯效率,并和铁粉、Ni/Fe 二元金属体系的催化特性进行了比较.结果表明,在相同的反应条件下(pH 2.0,莠去津初始浓度20.0mg/L),泡沫镍为 1.0g,铁粉添加量分别为 2.0,3.0,5.0g 时,反应 90min,脱氯效率分别增加 14.11%、15.97%、29.50%;泡沫镍+铁粉分别为0+5.0g、0.5g+5.0g、1.0g+5.0g、1.95g+5.0g 时,莠去津 90min 的脱氯效率分别为 52.76%、80.13%、82.26%、65.25%.但是与 Ni/Fe 二元金属相比,催化性能要低得多,这可能与泡沫镍/铁粉体系的比表面积下降有关.     

除草剂对水稻土微生物的影响

以阿特拉津、丁草胺和甲磺隆 3种除草剂为例 ,采用熏蒸提取法和BIOLOG碳素利用法研究了土壤中除草剂污染与水稻土微生物之间的关系及其环境意义 .结果表明以 10mg·kg-1含量施入水稻土的甲磺隆在施用初期导致微生物生物量下降 ,随培养时间的推移 ,生物量有所恢复 ;相同浓度的阿特拉津和丁草胺对水稻土微生物生物量影响不明显 .BIOLOG数据显示 ,3种除草剂施用初期 (第 2d)微生物碳源利用多样性变化不明显 ,随着培养时间的增加微生物碳源利用多样性发生变化 ,变化趋势因除草剂类型不同而异 :甲磺隆除草剂污染水稻土微生物碳源利用多样性先有明显降低 ,培养后期呈上升趋势 ;阿特拉津和丁草胺除草剂污染水稻土微生物碳源利用多样性基本不受影响 .     

阿特拉津在天然水体沉积物中的吸附行为

本文研究了阿特拉津在几种水体沉积物中的吸附、解吸规律,并进一步探讨了沉积物浓度、pH值和离子强度对其吸附行为的影响．结果表明,不同沉积物对阿特拉津的吸附程度由沉积物本身的总有机碳、粘土矿物、阳离子交换容量、比表面积以及铁锰氧化物等理化特性综合作用的结果,有机碳不是影响阿特拉津吸附的唯一重要因素．连续吸附实验结果指出,化合物的起始浓度愈大,吸附时间愈长,阿特拉津的最大吸附容量也愈大,且在解吸过程中表现出一定的滞后性(即不可逆吸附)．沉积物浓度与其吸附量呈负相关;溶液的pH值增大,沉积物对阿特拉津吸附能力减弱;离子强度愈大,沉积物对阿特拉津吸附能力愈强．