Heavy Metal Distribution in Valley Sediments in Wadi Al-Karak Catchment Area, South Jordan

Valley sediments samples collected from the major and minor valleys of Al-Karak catchment area (southern Jordan) were leached with hot dilute HCl and analysed for their heavy metals content. The results of leachable metal concentrations indicated the absence of anomalous values for metal occurrences. However, appreciable contamination of the sediments with Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Cr was observed. Using an index of pollution the extent of contamination was better delineated. The geographical distribution of the samples showed higher Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Cr concentrations mainly around heavily inhabited areas indicating an anthropogenic source of contamination. Lithological influence indicated from the anomalies of Fe and Mn was found to be very low.     

Identifying and Evaluating a Suitable Index for Agricultural Drought Monitoring in the Texas High Plains

Drought is a complex and highly destructive natural phenomenon that affects portions of the United States almost every year, and severe water deficiencies can often become catastrophic for agricultural production. Evapotranspiration (ET) by crops is an important component in the agricultural water budget; thus, it is advantageous to include ET in agricultural drought monitoring. The main objectives of this study were to (1) conduct a literature review of drought indices with a focus to identify a simple but simultaneously adequate drought index for monitoring agricultural drought in a semiarid region and (2) using the identified drought index method, develop and evaluate time series of that drought index for the Texas High Plains. Based on the literature review, the Standardized Precipitation‐Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) was found to satisfy identified constraints for assessing agricultural drought. However, the SPEI was revised by replacing reference ET with potential crop ET to better represent actual water demand. Data from the Texas High Plains Evapotranspiration network was used to calculate SPEIs for the major irrigated crops. Trends and magnitudes of crop‐specific, time‐series SPEIs followed crop water demand patterns for summer crops. Such an observation suggests that a modified SPEI is an appropriate index to monitor agricultural drought for summer crops, but it was found to not account for soil water stored during the summer fallow period for winter wheat.     

环境实验室温度均匀性的数值分析研究

目的研究送风参数及围护结构对飞机结构及机构环境条件下功能性和耐久性实验室温度均匀性的影响。方法采用CFD方法对实验室的气流组织进行数值模拟,根据气流组织评价标准对工作区的温度均匀性进行分析。结果送风温差越大、送风速度越小温度场均匀性越差,保温层较厚时,温差过大将导致工作区温度分布达不到设计要求。结论相同温差下,减少送风口数量并提高单个送风口的送风速度有助于提高温度均匀性。     

MODIS NDVI与MODIS EVI对气候因子响应差异

以喀斯特地区植被为研究载体,利用2001-2010 年MODIS NDVI、MODIS EVI 序列和气候资料,分析两种植被指数与同期及前1-9 期水汽压、降水量、相对湿度、最高气温、最低气温、平均气温、露点温度、气压、风速、日照时数多个气候因子的相关性及响应差异,为合理选择植被指数序列对植被进行监测研究提供参考。结果表明:①喀斯特地区植被EVI和NDVI与多数气候因子显著相关,但二者对气候因子的响应有明显差异。除日照外,EVI 与其他各气候因子相关性明显高于NDVI。与NDVI相关性较高的气候因子为日照、最高气温、平均气温,其对应的相关系数平均为0.616、0.535、0.474;而与EVI相关性较高的气候因子为水汽压、平均气温、露点温度,其对应的相关系数平均为0.857、0.844、0.839。②喀斯特地区植被EVI和NDVI对多数气候因子的响应存在明显的滞后性,较之于EVI,NDVI对气候因子的响应更为滞后。EVI与气候因子的相关系数最高时期多出现在前1 期,NDVI与气候因子的相关系数最高时期多出现在前2 期。两种植被指数对日照、风速的响应无滞后性。除相对湿度、日照、风速外,各站点两种植被指数与其他各气候因子在0-9期的响应趋势均较一致。     

Impact Study on Human Activity to the Resource-environment Based on the Consumption Level Difference of China's Provinces or Autonomous Regions

The study on population and the resource-environment by the consumption may contribute to the further cognition about their correlations and provide the policy references for natural resources use and environmental protection. This article has studied the impact status of the consumption level difference of China's 31 provinces or autonomous regions on the resource-environment in 2005 by per capita consumption expenditure and serial statistical data with unit person method and constructed consumption model and hierarchical cluster analysis. We found several trends. To the intensity that population acting on the resource-environment, four sorts of regions might be divided in 2005, furthermore, most of them were at the level of unit person. Provinces or autonomous regions, located in the developed coastal areas in China, generally have the bigger impact intensity on the resource-environment than the others. That is to say, the natural resources mainly flow from west to east and from north to south, but the environmental loads are shared in the whole China and are likely to be aggravated from east to west reversely. The main causes of imbalance of pressure on the resource-environment should be the difference of consumption level, the unmatchable resource exploitation and utilization, the imbalance of discharging pollutants, and the difference of moderate carrying capacity. To the total impact quantities that population acting on the resource-environment, four sorts of regions were divided in 2005 and the difference of them was notable. Provinces or autonomous regions, having the bigger impact quantities on the resource-environment, are generally located in the eastern and central China while the extended western China is still the weak impact area of the resource-environment consumption or terminal pressure. Provinces or autonomous regions are few, where the total impact quantities are more or less; alternately, those are many, where the total impact quantities rank the middle.     

不同栽培基质对石山珍稀濒危植物苗期生长的影响

对 6种石山珍稀濒危植物在石灰岩土壤和酸性红壤上的苗期生长状况及体内化学元素含量进行了对比研究 ,结果表明 :(1 )每种植物在 2种土壤上的物候学特征基本一致 ;(2 )小花异裂菊和青檀在石灰岩土壤上生长量比酸性土壤上高 ,海南椴在酸性土壤上生长量比石灰岩土壤上高 ;(3 ) 6种植物体内Ca、B 2种化学元素的含量是石灰岩土上比酸性土上高 ;除小花异裂菊外 ,Al在其它 5种植物中的含量都是酸性土上高于石灰岩土上 ,小花异裂菊则是石灰岩土上高于酸性土上 ;(4 )K、Zn、B的生物吸收系数是石灰岩土高于酸性土 ,而N、P、Ca、Mg、Fe、Al、Mn则是酸性土高于石灰岩土。     

Spatial environmental efficiency indicators in regional waste generation: a nonparametric approach

This paper computes and analyses, for the first time, environmental efficiencies in waste generation of 116 European regions in NUTS 2 level in five European countries over the period of 2008–2010. For this reason, different data envelopment analysis (DEA) model formulations are used for modeling the pollutant in the form of waste generation as a regular output and as a regular input. In the latter case, we also use the notion of eco-efficiency. The empirical findings reveal environmental inefficiencies among the regions, indicating the lack of a uniform regional environmental policy among the European countries. This finding is observed not only for regions between different countries but also among the regions within countries, implying the need for implementation of unified appropriate municipal environmental policies in waste management.     

公元1600年秘鲁Huaynaputina火山喷发与长江中下游地区的气候异常

公元1600年秘鲁Huaynaputina火山喷发是过去1 000年全球最大规模的火山喷发之一。考察了此次火山喷发在中国长江中下游地区的可能气候效应。经查阅中国历史文献，在《见闻杂记》、《袁宏道集》和明清地方志中发现了有价值的资料。此次火山喷发在长江中下游地区的气候效应可能表现得比较复杂。结合《见闻杂记》和明清地方志，发现1601年长江下游地区夏季降雪，异常寒冷；结合《袁宏道集》和明清地方志，发现1602年年初至春季长江中下游地区异常多雪和寒冷，这些气候异常与欧洲历史文献和北半球树轮序列等比较一致。另外，结合《见闻杂记》和明清地方志，还发现1601年秋季长江下游部分地区异常炎热。上述气候异常未必都能完全归因于Huaynaputina喷发，但Huaynaputina喷发应该是其中的一个重要原因。〖     

寻求解决乌鲁木齐市空气污染的途径

针对乌鲁木齐市最突出的环境问题——冬季采暖期空气污染，从主客观二方面进行了原因分析，并结合“十一五”和2020年环境保护目标，从7个方面分析论述了解决乌鲁木齐市空气污染的途径，使多年困扰乌鲁木齐市的空气污染问题有望从根本上得到解决。     

成都冬季典型辐射逆温过程分析

本文利用测温声雷达的探测结果，借助同期探空和地面观测资料，分析了成都平原典型辐射逆温的生消演变规律，指出了其主要特征。这些结果对气候资源利用、污染气象条件的研究等具有重要意义。