中国建设占用耕地与经济增长的退耦研究

采用退耦研究方法，探讨了近年来中国建设占用耕地与经济增长之间的退耦关系。并归纳其空间分异特点，进而对中国最严格耕地保护政策的实施效果进行了评价。研究结果表明，1998—2005年中国及其多数省份建设占用耕地规模已呈现相对于经济增长、城镇化发展以及总人口增长的退耦过程。在空间上，耕地占用相对于经济增长的退耦程度呈现中部大于西部，西部大于东部的特征；相对于城镇化水平增长的退耦程度呈现中部大于西部．西部略大于东部的特征；相对于总人口增长的退耦程度则呈现东部大于中部．中部大于西部的特征。研究表明近年来中国最严格耕地保护政策实施的积极效果已逐渐显现，经济增长、城镇化和人口增长驱动下的耕地占用压力已有所缓解。     

Space-time analysis of the changing patterns of population pressure on the ecological environment in China

This paper examines the temporal change and spatial variation of population pressure on the ecological environment in China. We have collected sufficient data from the statistical yearbooks of 31 provincial administrative areas in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010. Using a geographic information system (GIS) and relevant models, we analyzed the trend of the population pressure on ecological environment and the change of the gravity center of ecological environment quality. We conclude that: (1) generally, population pressure on the ecological environment in China was becoming higher during 1990–2010, especially in some areas where the population and environment were in serious imbalance and the ecological environment experienced severe pollution; (2) during a certain period, population pressure on the ecological environment was becoming lower in some areas, but the ecological environment was getting worse; (3) the areas with super-high population pressure on the ecological environment were Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai; (4) the gravity center of population pressure on the ecological environment and the center of ecological environment quality move differently during the study time period, but the general trend was similar – both of them were moving from west to east. Based on the analysis, this paper also provides some policy suggestions on the control of ecological environment quality.     

中国不同发展阶段地区环境可持续性状态与趋势研究

中国不同地区发展水平存在较大的差异．面临的环境问题和可持续发展的优先领域也不同。因此．可持续发展评价与政策制定需要与区域发晨实际相结合。选取上海、德州和固原三个地区作为中国发达、发展中和欠发达地区的代表．选择可操作和可比性强的指标．基子压力-状态-响应模型．构建了环境可持续性趋势系数．对比不同发展水平地区环境发展的状态、趋势和存在的主要问题。得出以下结论：近20年来．虽然中国总体环境保护能力有了一定的提高．但污染物排放压力持续增长．环境质量普遍恶化的趋势没有得到根本改变;上海、德州和固原环境可持续性趋势系数分别为0．82、0．55和0．45．发达地区环境可持续性最强．发展中地区一般．欠发达地区量差;目前我国环境政策领域往往注重经济发展的“两极”：高度发达地区和欠发达地区,本文的研究结果表明。面积占全国67％、人口占全国40％的发展中地区环境问题最为突出。     

金融危机以来我国制造业空间格局演变及转移态势研究

在产业转移及转型升级的背景下，制造业空间分布及转移逐渐成为地理学研究的热点。以2008、2016年我国制造业工业销售产值、从业人数为研究数据，应用区位熵、热点分析、锡尔系数、动态集聚指数等方法，对金融危机以来我国制造业空间格局演变及转移态势进行探究。研究发现：（1）我国制造业空间分布具有较强的时空异质性，劳动密集型与资本密集型制造业以及技术密集型与知识密集型制造业分别呈现“西密东疏”、“东密西疏”的空间分异格局，并且不同类型的制造业空间集聚态势也存在显著差异；（2）东部地区的烟草制品、化学纤维等制造业发展不平衡问题较为突出,对我国区域间与区域内制造业空间分布差异的影响较大，而中、西部地区则相对较小，但有逐渐扩大的趋势；（3）制造业转移的主体是劳动密集型与资本密集型制造业,转移的方向是从东部向中、西部地区，转移层次具有较高的梯度性。研究有助于丰富我国制造业空间分布及转移相关理论，为我国经济、产业高质量发展提供借鉴意义。     

中国服务业碳生产率的空间收敛性研究

在经济服务化与低碳化的双重背景下,研究中国服务业碳生产率的演变轨迹,区域差异及空间收敛特征,对于推动中国服务业高质量发展具有重要的意义。采用2004—2016年中国30个省(区、市)的面板数据,对服务业碳生产率进行测度,并对其演变轨迹与区域差异进行分析,在此基础上,系统考察中国服务业碳生产率的空间收敛性。研究表明:①中国服务业碳生产率在整体上呈逐年增长态势,且呈现从东到西逐次递减的格局。②中国服务业碳生产率存在正向空间自相关关系,并且空间自相关程度表现出波动上升趋势。③全国与西部服务业碳生产率均不存在σ收敛,即服务业碳生产率的地区差异并未随着时间的推移而缩小;东、中部服务业碳生产率则在整体上呈现σ收敛特征。全国以及东、中、西部服务业碳生产率均存在绝对β收敛和条件β收敛,即服务业碳生产率落后地区对发达地区存在"追赶效应",各地区服务业碳生产率最终向自身的稳态水平趋同;空间效应加快了全国与东部服务业碳生产率的β收敛速度。④人均服务业增加值增长速度、部门结构以及能源消费结构对服务业碳生产率具有显著的负向效应,人力资本则对服务业碳生产率产生了显著的正向影响。据此,本文的政策启示如下:①重视服务业碳排放问题,构建服务业低碳绩效评估体系。②探索建立定期会商制度,加强服务业低碳技术的跨区域交流合作。③完善基础设施,促进要素空间互动和优化重组。④调整服务业能源结构与部门结构,推进人力资本积累和服务业稳增长。     

土地集约利用与生态效率的耦合协调发展研究

如何处理好土地集约利用与生态环境之间的关系，实现土地利用的经济、社会和生态三效益协调发展是新型城镇化建设中面临的一个重要问题。该文利用2005～2016年中国30个省、直辖市、自治区面板数据，通过全局主成分分析方法和超效率SBM模型对土地集约利用综合指数和生态效率进行测算，试图揭示土地集约利用与生态效率的耦合协调发展状况。结果表明：（1）土地集约利用水平呈逐步递增趋势，增长幅度表现为东部>中部>西部>东北地区；（2）生态效率逐年增加，增长幅度表现为东部>中部>西部>东北地区；（3）2016年，7个（23%）省市达到协调发展类，4个（14%）省市属于濒临失调类；19个（63%）省市属于失调衰退类。其中，上海和宁夏属于生态效率滞后型，其他省市均属于土地集约利用滞后型。此外，二者的耦合协调度有较明显的空间正相关性，但集聚程度逐渐减弱，空间分异愈加明显。     

Evaluation of Material-based Development of China Using GIS Methods

Abstract

Regional development is a course of accumulation based on many factors, which is directly related to resources utilization and conversion. And material wealth production and accumulation embody the outcome of regional development. Thus, focusing on material wealth, regional development can be evaluated from resources and perspective of resources conversion. Taking the infrastructural level, transportation accessibility and economic development level into full account, the concept of “material-based development” was presented and the material-based development index (MDI) model was established. By using the MDI model, geographic information system technology and mathematic methods, this article then calculated MDI of each county and province of China in 2005 and systematically evaluated the material-based development of China at county and provincial scales, so as to bring some scientific references and policy-making supports to the population development function oriented zoning and population spatial distribution planning of China. The result showed that: (1) At county scale, the material-based development of counties within China in 2005 was significantly different, in which there were 1876 counties belonging to the mid-level material-based development and accounted for 78.10% of the total. The numbers of high-level and low-level counties were 144 and 382 and accounted for 6.00% and 15.90% respectively, demonstrating a spindle shape in general. The spatial distribution of material-based development was unbalanced, and it was much better in southeastern part of the line of “Daxinganling–Yinshan–Liupanshan–southeast edge of Qinghai– Tibet Plateau” than that of northwestern. Furthermore, there were also differences of the sub-index between different material-based development levels. Therefore, for different regions, key issues and measures adaptable to local condition should be prioritized and taken in order to realize regional balance development. (2) At provincial scale, there was also significant difference between each province and the spatial distribution of it was “high in the east, low in the west” in general. It meant that the capacity of natural resources attraction and conversion of east China was better than that of west China. The infrastructure level was the main factor accounting for the differences of material-based development levels among provinces. As a result, our government should make great efforts to improve infrastructure condition, especially the western part of China, so as to narrow the gap between the western part and the eastern part to realize the coordinated development within different regions and rapidly socio-economic development of China.     

信息化与省域经济增长研究

从信息化产业水平、信息化基础设施水平和信息化综合发展水平来测算区域信息化水平，并对中国各省的信息化发展水平进行比较研究，研究显示：东部省区的信息化发展整体上处于领先位置，极化作用突出，本部各省只是在局部地区显示了信息化发展的相对领先，显示出非均衡发展的特点。中部还处于信息化发展水平较低的均衡发展阶段。基于此，本文考虑将信息化作为一种内生经济行为，研究信息化对省域经济的影响。研究显示，信息化促进了东部经济的快速增长，对长江三角洲、珠江三角洲和环渤海地区的经济贡献尤为突出。在西部地区，信息化设施对地理位置偏远的省区较工业基础相对优越省区的经济增长作用突出。即信息化是改善地理位置边远地区经济发展条件的重要手段。同时信息化对中部地区经济提出严重挑战。却在西部地区普遍呈现出强劲的增长带动作用，也就是说信息产业对实现落后地区的跨越式发展是有根据的。     

西部特色农业发展的思考

西部大开发的实施虽然成效显著,但是东西部差距仍在扩大。如何促进西部农业增效和农民增收,特色农业是一个新的发展思路。在简要分析当前西部特色农业发展的必要性和制约因素的基础上,从区域规划、资金扶持、科技支撑、资源环境与粮食安全协调4个方面,提出破解制约因素以及促进西部特色农业发展的对策建议与措施。     

Analysis of the efficiency of regional tourism based on DEA window technology

In this study, data envelopment analysis is used to measure the tourism efficiency of 31 regions in China according to the panel data from the year 2000 to 2010. The conclusion shows that the efficiency of tourism industry is on the rise as a whole, while the diversity of every region becomes more and more apparent. High efficiency appears in east regions like Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai where the economy is developed, and regions like Jilin, Sichuan and Gansu in the midland and west show low efficiency.     

市域尺度下中国农业低碳发展水平空间异质性及影响因素——来自种植业的检验

识别农业低碳发展空间异质性,对提高农业生产效率和保护农业生态环境具有重要意义.以狭义农业——种植业为研究对象,借助低碳农业发展理论,构建农业低碳发展水平评价指标体系,并应用熵值法和地理加权回归模型,探讨了 357个市域尺度下的中国农业低碳发展水平的空间异质性及影响因素.研究发现:(1)中国农业低碳发展水平存在空间异质性和相关性.空间异质性表现为,市域尺度下中国农业低碳发展综合水平由西南-东北一线向东南、西北两侧递减,而碳生产水平指标对综合水平的影响最大;空间相关性表现为,西南地区、大兴安岭区农业低碳发展水平呈"高-高"聚集,辽宁、新疆和华中地区基本呈"低-低"聚集,其他地区则呈高低聚集的状态;此外,地形引起的社会经济等间接效应,大于其直接效应.(2)在空间上,劳动生产率和农业规模化对农业低碳发展水平的影响力呈"U"型与倒"U"型特征,劳动生产率对农业低碳化水平的影响由西到东呈"正向-负向-正向"的"U"型变化趋势;农业规模化呈南北低、中部高的倒"U"特征.城镇化水平对农业低碳发展水平的影响则由西向东逐步递减.     

Study on Water Consumption Coefficient of People''''s Living and Its Regional Disparity in the North of China

1 INTRODUCTIONWater shortage will be one of the common risks peoplehave to face in the 21st century. China, a country withwater shortage, possesses only as much as 1/4 of the world'smean occupation for every person and is enlisted as oneof the thirteen countries where water is in a great shortage.Furthermore, in China, the water resources distributionhas been terribly unbalanced from region to region. NorthChina, covering 15 provinces, possessing 45% of thefarmland and 38% of the populat…     

中国城市住宅售租比时空分异格局及影响机制

以2009～2017年中国336个地级以上城市为基本研究单元,利用空间趋势面和探索性空间回归技术(ESDA)对中国城市住宅售租比的空间分布进行模拟和估计,并利用地理探测器模型从城市的经济因素、人口因素、社会因素和预期因素4大方面探析售租比时空分异的影响机制。结果表明:中国城市住宅售租比整体呈波动式上升的态势,空间分布呈现出"东高西低"、"东热西冷"的阶梯状格局,且住宅价格、住宅租金和售租比均存在明显的空间正相关性和较强的区域集聚性。收入水平和工资水平是影响售租比最大的因素,住宅预期、人口吸引力、租赁户比重、家庭规模、经济预期等也是影响售租比的重要因素,经济因素、人口因素、预期因素和社会因素的解释力依次减弱,4大因素相互联系、相互作用,形成中国售租比的时空分异格局。     

中国各省区工业用水效率影响因素的空间分异

工业用水效率是影响工业用水的直接因素,剖析其影响因素并找出空间分布规律是提高中国工业用水效率的关键。通过选取Super-SBM模型,引入非期望产出指标来测算中国31省2007～2016年的工业用水效率,并从多方面综合分析工业用水效率影响因素的空间动态演变状况,以求研究结果为制定有差异的区域集约型水资源管理政策提供依据。结果发现:(1)我国多数省份的工业用水处于无效率状态,同时高效率中心由东向西转移;(2)不同影响因素对工业用水效率的影响关系不同。水资源总量、地区生产总值、工业用水占比、RD投入占比的增多对工业用水效率有负向影响,工业用水效率会降低;而地区常住人口、城镇化率和人均教育支出的增多对工业用水效率有正向影响,促进工业用水效率提升。(3)不同影响因素对中国工业用水效率的影响程度存在空间差异。城镇化率、RD投入占比和人均教育支出对工业用水效率带来的影响作用在空间上相对集中,影响高值区主要落在中部和西部地区,低值区主要在东部沿海;而水资源总量、地区生产总值、工业用水占比和地区常住人口的影响在空间上呈现一种演变的状态,随时间发展影响高值区和低值区都发生了中心转移。     

我国31个省(市、自治区)的综合实力评价

选取具有代表性的9类共30个具体评价指标作为我国31个省（市、自治区）的综合实力评价的原始指标，运用因子多变量统计分析法对30个指标数据进行因子分析处理，采取主成分分析法提取公因子，并采取promox斜交旋转，得出6个公因子作为评价我国31个省（市、区）的综合实力的综合变量。计算得出我国各省（市、区）的综合得分。将计算的各省区市的综合得分从大到小排列，确定等级及分值区间。根据分类结果划分为6类地区，得出第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类地区全部为东部地区，其综合实力得分位居全国前6位，它们依次是广东、江苏、上海、浙江、山东和北京；而第Ⅵ类地区中除海南属于东部地区之外，其余省市区都属于西部地区，其综合实力得分位居全国后7位且均为负值。它们依次是青海、宁夏．贵州、西藏、海南、甘肃和重庆。可见东西部地区社会经济发展的极度不平衡。     

Analysis on the Evolution of Regional Economic Disparity in the West Coast of the Strait

With the implementation of reform and opening-up, the overall economy of China has made brilliant achievements; meanwhile, however, the economic disparity has been enlarging among some regions, and between the city and the countryside. The existence and evolution of this kind of economic disparity is concerned with social stability, sustainable development and the construction of harmonious society, which has gradually become the hotspot in social economic development. The West Coast of the Strait （WCS） located in southeast littoral areas is adjacent to the Pearl and Yangtze River Delta in the south and north and faces Taiwan Province in the east. The stability and development of this region has vital political and economic meaning in the social economic development of our country. It has important theoretical meaning and practical value to research the form, characteristics and evolution of regional economic disparity in the WCS. Based on insightful analysis on existing study results on the WCS, the paper defines the connotation and extension. By a series of absolute and comparative relative evaluation indexes and taking the WCS since 1992 as the study object, the paper makes analysis on different scales including three regions, four regions, 20 cities and 152 counties, quantitatively evaluates the level, characteristics and evolution of the regional economic disparity and compares the regional economic disparity on different scales. The main conclusions are as follows： the variation trend of the absolute disparity of the whole region is obvious and stable, which has presented an inflating trend; the comparative variation trend on a large scale has waved, The comparative disparity of the three regions increased annually from 1992 to around 2000, which had a decreasing trend from around 2000 to 2005; the comparative variation trend on a small scale was not stable, which showed an annual increase of four regions, 20 cities and 152 counties from 1992 to around 2003 and a decrease from around 2003 to 2005; the     

基于超阈值取样的中国不同重现期降雨强度空间分异特征及强降雨变化模态(1961～2016年)

不同重现期下的降雨强度对于城市防洪减灾具有重要科学和现实意义。利用中国1961~2016年的535个日值降水站点数据，采用日降雨量的90%、95%和99%分位数阈值，对比分析不同超阈值取样下的中国不同重现期降雨强度空间分异特征和强降雨变化模态。结果表明：（1）3种分位数降雨阈值均呈东高-西低的空间分异特征。相比绝对阈值，日降雨量的95%和99%分位数阈值用于研究大雨和暴雨是相对合理的。（2）3种超阈值样本下的中国不同年遇型降雨强度受区域气候环境和地形条件影响，其空间演变特征具有相似性，均呈现出从东部沿海向西和向北扩张的趋势，但相同年遇型下的降雨强度空间格局在3种超阈值取样方法下差异较大。（3）EOF分析即经验正交函数分解表明在绝对阈值和相对阈值取样下的中国强降雨变化模态具有一致性，前三模态方差解释率可以达到54%以上，且第一、二和三模态的方差解释率均超过10%，分别达到约30%、14%和11%，均表征了中国年际强降雨量的不同变化规律特征，具有明显的气候物理意义。     

Threshold effects of renewable energy consumption on economic growth under energy transformation

China proposed that non-fossil energy consumption account for 20% in total energy consumption. EU increased the target of renewable energy consumption share from 27% to 35% in 2030.Energy transformation and increasing renewable energy consumption are important energy strategies for all countries at present. Then, is the impact of renewable energy consumption on economic growth positive or negative? Are there any differences in the direction or magnitude of the impact among countries or regions, and what are the determinants behind them? We apply panel threshold effect model to test threshold effects of renewable energy consumption on economic growth of EU. Empirical result shows: first, the impact of renewable energy consumption on economic growth is negative. Second, renewable energy consumption has significant threshold effects on economic growth. Third, now, energy consumption intensity and GDP per capita of most EU members are in the appropriate threshold regimes. In contrast, more and more EU members are in the high-subsidy group. Fourth, the average annual growth rates of renewable energy consumption showed no significant difference between high-subsidy and lowsubsidy countries from 1990 to 2014. Therefore, subsidy with high economic cost is not the onlyeffective means to increase renewable energy consumption.     

中国典型资源型地区能源消耗与经济增长动态关系研究

随着国内外经济环境的复杂变化,中国资源型地区经济结构转型困难加剧。对资源型地区能源消耗与经济增长之间的关系进行研究,可以帮助该类型地区厘清经济发展过程中的能源消耗现状,对于优化资源型地区经济转型之路具有重要现实意义。本文以中国典型资源型地区山西省、黑龙江省、吉林省、辽宁省为例,选取1985—2014年数据,利用格兰杰因果分析对研究区能源消耗与经济增长之间的动态关系进行了研究。研究结果表明:1山西省表现出从经济增长到能源消耗的单向因果关系,黑龙江省与辽宁省表现出从能源消耗到经济增长的单向因果关系,吉林省表现出能源消耗与经济增长的双向因果关系;2山西省、黑龙江省、辽宁省都表现出从煤炭消耗到经济增长的单向因果关系,吉林省表现出煤炭消耗到经济增长的双向因果关系;3典型资源型地区都表现出从能源消耗到煤炭消耗的单向因果关系。4资源型地区转型务必将落实供给侧改革摆在发展首位。山西省应在提高能源使用效率的基础上选择集约化、低载能的新兴产业,黑龙江省与辽宁省应加大新能源的开发与产业化进程,产业应向高端装备制造业、现代服务业等产品附加值高、能源消耗少、环境污染小的产业转型,吉林省的重工业发展要以油气能源替代煤炭资源,在降低产业能耗的同时加速扶持已经相对成熟的替代产业,减少产业转型对于地区经济产生的负面影响。     

重庆市广阳岛生态规划对局地气候影响的数值模拟试验

利用城市微尺度模式,模拟分析了重庆广阳岛城市生态规划对局地气候环境的影响。结果表明:城市微尺度模式对原始土地利用方案的精细化模拟显示,广阳岛冬季1月以北风为主,岛屿西侧风速较东侧偏大,而夏季7月的主导风向为东风,岛屿的东北部为偏东风,西南侧为西北风。广阳岛1月和7月的温度场分布都为东高西低。全岛1月都属于舒适度较高的区域,其中岛屿东北部舒适度最高,而7月岛屿东北部由于气温较高,舒适度较低。生态规划方案的模拟表明,对局地小气候影响最大的是温度场,能有效降低了广阳岛的近地面气温。生态规划方案能有效地改善广阳岛的局地小气候,提高人体舒适度,广阳岛冬季1月全岛都较为舒适,而夏季7月舒适度最高的区域位于岛屿中西部。