建筑扰动条件下大气流动与扩散的CFD模拟

用FLUENT模式对中性大气、单个建筑的气流扰动情况进行模拟,并以风洞试验数据检验模拟效果;将模拟方法应用于类似城市建筑阵列条件的大气污染扩散问题,并且与现场示踪试验比较. 结果表明:FLUENT对建筑扰动条件的平均风场模拟效果良好,FAC2(模拟值与试验值之比在0.5~2之间的比例)在水平与垂直风速下分别达到77.9%与61.0%;对湍流特征量的模拟偏差稍大,K(湍流动能)虽总体偏小,但FAC2仍达到了54.6%. 选择湍流闭合的标准K-ε(ε为湍流动能耗散率)方案、重整化群K-ε方案和雷诺应力模型方案对结果的影响均不大. 采用FLUENT模拟了类似城市街区建筑阵列条件的大气扩散个例, 模拟结果反映了建筑扰动导致的扩散烟流轴线相对于平均风向的非常规偏移,并且扩散浓度与示踪试验结果相符较好,下风向32与63m处的侧向模拟浓度峰值的相对误差分别为72.5%与36.9%. 相比于高斯模式ISC3,FLUENT对复杂建筑阵列条件的扩散模拟结果更符合实际,如污染物向上风向扩散以及在建筑物周围堆积与绕流的现象. FLUENT扩散模拟还显示:近源处相邻建筑街道峡谷中的最大浓度沿下风向“阶跃”式减小,排放源所在街道峡谷中的最大浓度可比相邻街谷中的高几倍甚至1个数量级以上.      

Public attitudes and perceptions to the West-to-East Pipeline Project and ecosystem management in large project construction

Ecosystem management addresses transboundary, interdisciplinary and multiparty issues from an ecosystem perspective. In this regard, public participation of ecosystem management is particularly important for achieving a successful outcome. However, public attitudes and perceptions on ecosystem management in project construction are often ignored in the developing countries. Large project construction in China is booming, for example, oil/gasoline pipelines, water diversion projects, highway networks and high-speed railway networks. These projects may have important impacts on China's economy, as well as ecosystems. The perception of local people on these projects is crucial for their safe fulfilment. In this paper, the West-to-East Pipeline Project (WEPP), a large project in China built in 2004 to transport gas from the north-west to the south-east, was used as a case study to examine public participation and perceptions on ecosystem management. Field interviews were conducted in the summer of 2005 for data collection, and logistic regression models were used for data analysis. Modelling results show that public attitudes to WEPP construction are closely related to education, occupation and place of residence. Generally, interviewees with higher education and more involvement in WEPP have a positive attitude. However, local people have a poor understanding of ecological restoration and ecosystem management. For safe implementation of WEPP, some adjunct projects are required to improve the local economy and ecosystem functions, and different economic compensation schemes should be designed for stakeholders by region. Additionally, development strategies, such as offering part-time jobs, education and training to local farmers, are necessary to change attitudes and improve awareness on ecosystem management. It is also important to strengthen public participation in the early stages of project construction.     

Environmental regulation and competitive performance: new evidence from a sectoral study

Economic theory provides different perspectives on the relationship between environmental regulation and company environmental and competitive performance. A frequently analysed issue refers to the impact of environmental regulation on company performance. Using qualitative data collected within the recently completed Environmental regulation and Market forces Providing Incentives for Resource Efficiency (EMPIRE) project, we analysed the relationship between environmental regulation and company competitiveness, operating in the building and construction (B&C) sector. Empirical evidence from the correlation analysis emphasises that environmental regulation can be an important driver of competitive performance improvements in relevant segments of the European B&C sector.     

Are we leaving the community out of rural community sustainability?

SUMMARY

The Rio Earth Summit and publication and distribution of Agenda 21 (UN, 1992) have generated much activity in many nations towards development and implementation of community indicators of sustainable development (SI). In recent years efforts at development and implementation of SI have intensified at regional and urban government levels, although fewer efforts are evident at a rural community level. In response to initial ad hoc efforts, methodologies for SI construction are currently being proposed, tested and refined. Within this evolutionary process, increasing recognition is being given to the critical need for, and importance of, ‘stakeholder’ involvement in SI development and implementation. This paper critically reviews these and related efforts from the perspective of rural communities in Canada. The argument is presented that the process of development and implementation of rural community-level SI can significantly benefit from development and implementation of a methodological approach in support of principles and practices of effective stakeholder involvement. It is further argued that development of SI must be stakeholder-driven, and that a pivotal element in the SI development process is the facilitation of information sharing. The paper concludes with a proposal for an approach to stakeholder participation and information sharing achieved through research, testing and refinement, and integration of these concepts within the process of rural community sustainable indicator development.     

基于道路网络特征的建设用地扩张及其对林地景观的影响——以深圳市为例

道路作为景观廊道,与建设用地景观、林地景观之间存在着复杂的生态学联系。在道路网络迅猛扩展的同时,深圳市建设用地迅速扩张,并对林地景观产生了一定影响。基于土地利用变更调查数据,对1996-2008年快速城市化地区深圳市道路密度与建设用地扩张强度、道路密度与建设用地-林地边界动态的相互关系进行了研究。结果表明,建设用地规模与道路密度、建设用地扩张强度与道路拓展强度呈相关关系,道路网络对城市的社会经济发展有着重要的支撑能力。另一方面,研究期间深圳市林地退化严重,与建设用地接触的单个林地斑块的平均边界长度（林建边界长度）增加,建设用地-林地边界呈现出复杂化的趋势。林建边界长度与道路密度成相关关系,道路密度小于2.5 km.km-2时,道路密度越大,林建边界长度越大,建设用地景观和林地景观的生态学作用越剧烈。     

基于EFQM的建筑企业安全投入绩效评估SEM

为解决目前我国建筑业安全生产事故频发,安全投入不足及其绩效产出低下的现状,通过探索性因子分析,从建筑企业安全投入22项组成内容中提炼出6项要素;借鉴欧洲质量卓越(EFQM)模型,建立建筑企业安全投入绩效评估结构方程模型(SEM),实证分析安全投入构成要素之间的复杂交互影响关系:领导分别对人员、资源设施、政策战略具有正向直接影响;人员与资源受到政策战略的正向直接影响,并对生产过程与事故损失产生正向直接与间接影响。因此,在加强领导投入以提升整体安全投入绩效的前提下,提高政策战略对于人员、资源与设施的约束性,将最终保障安全生产与减少事故损失。     

安全工程专业本科双语教学探讨

实行双语教学是安全工程专业本科教育发展的必然趋势,由于安全工程本科专业大多属于1999年高等教育扩招后新建专业,双语教学基础差,教学质量参差不齐。鉴于我国高校安全工程本科教育发展实际,从双语教学师资引进、培训、认证及团队建设等方面探讨了双语教学师资建设渠道;基于大工程观和大安全观理论探讨了双语课程体系及教材建设方法;从教学语言选择、方法选择、班级组织及成绩考核方法等方面探讨了双语教学的教学模式;从课程体系和质量监控两个角度分析了的双语教学质量管理。     

西安地铁安全文化体系建设研究

通过论述北京、广州、上海三个城市地铁安全管理情况,总结国内地铁建设运营中的安全管理经验与存在不足,提出保证地铁建设运营安全不能仅仅依靠制度制定与检查监管,要完善安全管理体系,重视安全文化培育与建设,运用文化的理论和方法塑造共同安全的价值观,建立地铁安全文化体系新理念。重点以西安地铁建设为例,详细阐述了在地铁建设运营中用文化贯穿始终,以理念培育为核心,机构建立为基础,制度建设为根本,作为构建地铁企业的安全文化体系的主要作法,总结出地铁安全文化体系建设的经验,以期对国内其他城市的地铁建设运营管理工作提供借鉴和参考。     

建筑工地消防安全问题分析与对策

建筑工地的消防安全问题一直以来是社会关注的热点,文章分析了建筑工地存在的消防安全管理问题,提出了管理措施和对策。首先,建立健全消防安全制度,逐级落实消防安全责任;加强对建筑职工的消防安全教育培训和管理,提高消防安全意识;严格建筑工地施工期间的消防安全管理,加强消防安全防范措施;重点分析了对建筑外墙保温材料的选择使用和监督管理。对当前建筑工地的消防安全管理具有一定的指导意义。     

建材企业作业场所职业病危害分析与防治

建材行业作为我国的基础原材料行业,在国民经济中占有重要的地位。随着近年来建材行业的逐步做大做强,建材行业的安全生产形势尤其是职业病危害及防治也不容小觑。本文围绕建材行业生产特点,对作业场所职业病危害与防治所面临形势进行了讨论,提出了相应职业病危害控制措施及建议。