规模化牛场废水灌溉对土壤水分和冬小麦产量品质的影响

通过田间小区试验,设置不同的牛场废水灌溉次数,研究了冬小麦牛场废水灌溉过程中土壤水分和冬小麦产量品质的变化特征,结果表明,灌溉牛场废水土壤水分迁移和土壤贮水量与灌溉清水无显著差别,水质对土壤水分变化影响很小;冬小麦生育期内分别灌溉牛场废水2、3和4次与正常施肥灌溉施肥相比,冬小麦产量和灌溉水生产效率提高,分别提高了4.61%、6.48%、6.63%,4次牛场废水灌溉冬小麦产量略有下降,这说明灌溉牛场废水次数过多会对冬小麦造成一定的负面影响;牛场废水灌溉次数越多冬小麦籽粒中蛋白质质量分数越高,分别提高了2.50%、5.83%、8.03%,而全磷质量分数则有降低趋势。综合考虑,冬小麦生育期内牛场废水灌溉次数不应高于3次。     

利用PCR-DGGE技术分析乳制品中的乳酸菌

在食品发酵行业,需要一种简捷有效的方法检测发酵产品中的有益微生物.聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(Ploymerase chain reaction and denaturing gredient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE)技术广泛应用于微生物生态学的研究.采用PCR-DGGE对5种含有乳酸菌的乳制品进行了菌群组成分析,并通过传统培养方法和核酸序列分析进行了验证.结果表明,所有测试样品中的活菌数量都在106～109 cfu/mL之间,通过平板培养法分离出了形态明显的杆状菌和链球状菌,对其进行16S rDNA核酸序列测定及同源性分析,将其鉴定为德氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus delbrueckii)和嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus).建立了由已知乳酸菌组成的DGGE参考阶梯(Reference ladder),可用其对相应菌株进行DGGE鉴定.用两对不同引物进行PCR-DGGE分析,除样品1外,试样中均检测到德氏乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌.对DGGE参考阶梯未能直接鉴定的样品1的电泳条带进行同收、序列分析,分别鉴定为卷曲乳杆菌(L.crispatus)和鼠李糖乳杆菌(L.rhamnosus).同时发现,引物R518-F357对嗜热链球菌模板的识别效率高于引物Lac1GC-HDA2.以上结果表明,RCRDGGE技术可以对样品中的乳酸菌进行快速的分析和鉴定.图4表1参30     

乳制品废水中蛋白质回收利用途径的研究

本文以某乳制品企业产生的废水为研究对象,对乳制品工业废水的处理和资源回收应用进行研究,为乳制品废水中蛋白质的综合利用,为实现乳制品废水的资源化、减量化提供技术方法和理论基础.     

乳制品废水纳滤膜法工艺中污染膜清洗方法研究

乳制品废水用纳滤膜法回用处理时,会纳滤膜因为膜污染而使膜通量下降,采用化学清洗可使膜通量恢复。文章研究了单种清洗剂、组合清洗的清洗效果,考察了清洗时间和清洗剂浓度对膜通量恢复率的影响。研究结果表明:采用单一清洗剂效果不显著,组合清洗效果明显,清洗剂浓度和清洗时间均存在最佳值。且当用清水清洗10min,用35~40℃、pH=10.5NaOH溶液清洗30min,用0.3%H2O2碱液清洗20min,最后用2%柠檬酸清洗30min后膜通量恢复率达到90%以上。     

Methane emissions during storage of di erent treatments from cattle manure in Tianjin

Many studies on methane emissions from animal manure have revealed that animal manure is a major source of methane emissions to the atmosphere that can have negative consequences for people, animals and environment. In general, the release of methane can be influenced by the type of feed taken by animals, temperature, manure characteristics and so on. This study aimed at quantifying and comparing methane release from dairy manure with di erent piling treatments. Four treatments were designed including manure piling height 30, 45, 60 cm and adding 6 cm manure every day until the piling height was 60 cm. Static chamber method and gas chromatography were adopted to measure the methane emissions from April to June in 2009. Methane emission rates of all four manure treatments were low in the first week and then increased sharply until reaching the peak values. Subsequently, all the methane emission rates decreased and fluctuated within the steady range till the end of the experiment. Wilcoxon nonparametric tests analysis indicated that methane emission rate was greatly influenced by manure piling height and manner. There were no significant relationships between methane emission rates and the temperatures of ambience and heap. However, regression analysis showed that the quadratic equations were found between emission rates of all treatments and the gas temperature in the barrels.     

乳品废水活性污泥总DNA提取方法的比较

为了从乳品废水活性污泥中快速提取总DNA,本文系统对SDS高盐缓冲液抽提法、冻融+SDS高盐缓冲液抽提法、溶菌酶+SDS抽提法与冻融+溶菌酶+SDS抽提法等4种抽提活性污泥总DNA方法做了比较研究,并对提取的DNA浓度以及通过PCR扩增技术对DNA的质量进行了检测。结果表明:4种方法均可从乳品废水活性污泥中提取出DNA4,种方法提取的DNA总量与纯度存在差异,其中采用冻融+SDS高盐缓冲液抽提活性污泥总DNA效果最好,以该方法提取的总DNA为模板,PCR扩增16 SrDNA,可扩增出分子量为1.5 Kb左右的DNA产物。本文为研究乳品废水活性污泥总DNA的提取提供了一种简便、快速的方法。     

天津市规模化奶牛养殖场废水中典型抗生素处理效果及生态风险评估

为了解天津市规模化奶牛养殖场废水处理前后典型抗生素的浓度水平及处理效果,使用固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱仪(SPE-UPLC-MS/MS)技术,对天津市12家规模化奶牛养殖场废水中7种典型抗生素进行调查监测.结果表明,12家规模化奶牛养殖场废水处理前后均不同程度地检测出抗生素残留.废水处理前,替米考星(TIL)、盐酸土霉素(OTC)、司帕沙星(SPA)、磺胺噻唑(STZ)、氧氟沙星(OFL)和盐酸沙拉沙星(SAR)检出率均为100%,磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)检出率为83. 33%.其中替米考星和盐酸土霉素为未处理废水中主要的抗生素成分,浓度为25. 21μg·L~(-1)和9. 87μg·L~(-1).处理后废水中磺胺嘧啶和氧氟沙星的检出率下降至25. 00%和41. 66%,主要成分为替米考星和盐酸土霉素,但浓度有着明显地降低,分别为11. 30μg·L~(-1)和3. 71μg·L~(-1).不同的规模化奶牛养殖场对于抗生素的处理效果在24. 95%～81. 05%之间.厌氧-缺氧-好氧(AAO)处理工艺的综合处理效果优于厌氧好氧(AO)处理工艺.氧氟沙星、盐酸沙拉沙星、盐酸土霉素为处理后废水中主要的高风险污染物,各规模化奶牛养殖场都含有一种或多种RQs 1的抗生素,其排放对环境构成一定的生态风险.     

不同改良措施对煤矸石污染土壤上大豆生长的影响

采用盆栽试验,通过添加粉煤灰和牛粪对煤矸石污染土壤进行改良,并研究了不同改良措施对大豆生长、光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,添加粉煤灰0.07 kg.kg-1(T1)、添加牛粪0.07 kg.kg-1(T2)、添加粉煤灰和牛粪各0.07 kg.kg-1(T3)3种土壤改良措施对大豆的株高、叶面积和单株根瘤数均有显著影响,不同生育期株高、叶面积和单株根瘤数均表现为T3>T2>T1>CK。在花期和鼓粒期,3种土壤改良措施下大豆的叶绿素含量和光合速率均显著高于对照,且T3处理显著高于T2和T1。与对照相比,不同土壤改良措施对大豆的单株荚数、百粒重、单株粒重和产量均有显著影响,T3、T2和T1处理的大豆产量较对照分别提高68.47%、40.99%和30.63%。     

利用乳品废水生产微生物絮凝剂及其应用研究

从土壤中筛选得到一株微生物絮凝剂产生菌GL 3,经BIOLOG菌种鉴定仪鉴定该菌株为产气肠杆菌 (Klebsiellamobilis)。该菌能够利用乳品废水作为培养基生产微生物絮凝剂。生产絮凝剂的最佳条件为 :在 10 0mL乳品废水中加入 2mL的乙醇 ,pH值约 7 0 ,温度 30℃ ,14 0r min摇床培养 6 0h     

Effect of the Carbohydrate Composition of feed Concentratates on Methane Emission from dairy Cows and Their Slurry

Dietary carbohydrate effects on methane emission from cows and their slurry were measured on an individual animal basis. Twelve dairy cows were fed three of six diets each (n = 6 per diet) of a forage-to-concentrate ratio of 1:1 (dry matter basis), and designed to cover the cows’ requirements. The forages consisted of maize and grass silage, and hay. Variations were exclusively accomplished in the concentrates which were either rich in lignified or non-lignified fiber, pectin, fructan, sugar or starch. To measure methane emission, cows were placed into open-circuit respiration chambers and slurry was stored for 14 weeks in 60-L barrels with slurry being intermittently connected to this system. The enteric and slurry organic matter digestibility and degradation was highest when offering Jerusalem artichoke tubers rich in fructan, while acid-detergent fiber digestibility and degradation were highest in cows and slurries with the soybean hulls diet rich in non-lignified fiber. Multiple regression analysis, based on nutrients either offered or digested, suggested that, when carbohydrate variation is done in concentrate, sugar enhances enteric methanogenesis. The methane emission from the slurry accounted for 16.0 to 21.9% of total system methane emission. Despite a high individual variation, the methane emission from the slurry showed a trend toward lower values, when the dietwas characterized by lignified fiber, a diet where enteric methane release also had been lowest. The study disproved the assumption that a lower enteric methanogenesis, associated with a higher excretion of fiber, will inevitably lead to compensatory increases in methane emission during slurry storage.