Method for identifying errors in chemical process development and design base on accidents knowledge

It has been claimed that the high accident rate in the chemical process industry is due to poor dissemination of accident knowledge that affects directly the level of learning from accidents. In response to this situation, this paper utilized past accident knowledge as a basis to develop a safety oriented design tool whereby the accident information were directly disseminated into plant design. The method was developed based on our previous accident analysis of design error in which the common design errors were ranked in accordance to their frequency and its origins during normal plant design project. Based on the design error ranking and its origin at a specific design phases, a method for design error detection is proposed. The method is expected to be able to identify the possible design error and its causes throughout chemical process development and design. The main objective is to trigger safe design thinking at the specific design phases so that appropriate action for risk reduction could be timely implemented. The Bhopal and BP Texas tragedies are used as case studies to test and verify the method. The proposed method can detect up to 74% of design errors.     

New considerations for SIL verification of functional safety fieldbus communication

Safety integrity level (SIL) verification of functional safety fieldbus communication is an essential part of SIL verification of safety instrumented system (SIS), and it requires quantifying residual error probability (RP) and residual error rate of function safety communication. The present quantification method of residual error rate uses RP of cyclic redundancy check (CRC) to approximately replace the total RP of functional safety communication. Since CRC only detects data integrity-related errors and CRC has intrinsically undetected error, some other residual errors are not being considered. This research found some residual errors of the present quantification method. Then, this research presents an extended new approach, which takes the found residual errors into account to determine more comprehensive and reasonable RP and residual error rate. From perspective of the composition of safety message, this research studies RPs of those controlling segments (sequence number, time expectation, etc.) to cover the found residual errors beyond CRC detection coverage, and the influences of insertion/masquerade errors and time window on RP are investigated. The results turn out these residual errors, especially insertion/masquerade errors, may have a great influence on quantification of residual error rate and SIL verification of functional safety communication, and they should be treated seriously.     

Optimal power flow model incorporating wind,solar, and bundled solar-thermal power in the restructured Indian power system

A new optimal power flow model for wind, solar, and solar-thermal bundled power scheduling and dispatch is proposed, incorporating the deviation incentive/penalty charges for renewable energy introduced in India. The multiobjective function is solved using the flower pollination algorithm; the scheme is successfully tested on the IEEE 30-bus and Indian utility 30-bus systems. The forecasting error constraints introduced in renewable energy scheduling and dispatch are demonstrated to be beneficial in several aspects. Solar-thermal bundling is shown to create win-win situations for thermal and solar generators. The effectiveness of the flower pollination algorithm in solving optimal power flow models is proved.     

基于改进的最小二乘法瓦斯涌出量预测

通过对基于绝对误差最小的传统最小二乘法与在此基础上考虑相对误差的改进最小二乘法的比较,得知改进的最小二乘法预测更为准确。现场应用于鹤壁四矿的相对瓦斯涌出量随深度变化的预测,建立了瓦斯涌出量预测模型,通过预测值与实际值比较,证明改进的最小二乘法预测鹤壁四矿瓦斯涌出量是可行的、有效的,对指导煤矿安全生产具有重要意义。     

大学英语作文中的词语搭配错误分析

本文主要采用错误分析的研究方法对大学英语专业一年级学生的英语作文中的词语搭配现象进行分析、探讨，试图对英语学习者写作过程中出现的搭配性错误进行归类，探其成园，并据此对英谔搭配教学提出建议。     

大田作物对UV-B辐射的响应及其研究方法现状与展望

目前紫外线对作物影响的研究主要从两个方面进行,即人为模拟增强UV-B辐射和去除UV-B.这两个方面采用了不同的实验方法,但都会在很多环节上产生系统误差,本文概述了误差产生的原因及多种控制措施,并讨论了作物对两种处理的响应差异.相对来说,大田植物对去除UV-B实验响应更大,其生长及生物量的变化更明显;而增强的UV-B辐射对农田或自然生态系统的生产力影响较小,但其在调节农田生态系统过程上有更重要的作用,比如种间竞争、物候期的改变以及由于次生代谢产物的变化而导致营养循环和动物采食发生变化等.为了能更加深入了解UV-B的作用机制,研究者应采用增强和减弱并用的方法进行UV-B辐射研究.参43     

学校图书信息管理系统设计

图书管理系统是典型的信息管理系统（MIS），本文主要介绍后台数据库的建立、维护及前端应用程序开发两个方面．该系统采用BIS架构，将图书入库、查询、借阅、维护、用户信息等功能集成在一起，具有用户介面友好、操作简单、数据安全、功能强大、实用性强的特点．     

Operator-splitting procedures for reactive transport and comparison of mass balance errors

Operator-splitting (OS) techniques are very attractive for numerical modelling of reactive transport, but they induce some errors. Considering reactive mass transport with reversible and irreversible reactions governed by a first-order rate law, we develop analytical solutions of the mass balance for the following operator-splitting schemes: standard sequential non-iterative (SNI), Strang-splitting SNI, standard sequential iterative (SI), extrapolating SI, and symmetric SI approaches. From these analytical solutions, the operator-splitting methods are compared with respect to mass balance errors and convergence rates independently of the techniques used for solving each operator. Dimensionless times, NOS, are defined. They control mass balance errors and convergence rates. The following order in terms of decreasing efficiency is proposed: symmetric SI, Strang-splitting SNI, standard SNI, extrapolating SI and standard SI schemes. The symmetric SI scheme does not induce any operator-splitting errors, the Strang-splitting SNI appears to be O(N2OS) accurate, and the other schemes are first-order accurate.     

硝基苯类污染物还原反应分析系统误差的讨论

硝基苯类的物质在测定中，不能因操作过程的复杂，使用的玻璃器皿多，就存在着较大的系统误差，如锌渣吸附和滤纸吸附误差。如果严格按照国家标准方法分析操作，这两种误差几乎没有，否则，工作时绘制的标准曲线斜率不会在规定要求内。因此，《环境研究与监测》和《环境监测管理与技术》刊载的两篇文章存在一些错误。