4种农药在草坪中的消解特征及其2种模型模拟的效果比较

4种农药（百菌清，甲霜灵，毒死蜱和敌百虫）施用于草坪后，挥发和渗漏损失分别不足3%和1%，其主要损失途径在草坪的草皮，草根层（0-2cm)，而且呈指数模型衰减，衰减最快的是敌百虫，最慢的是毒死蜱，但在土壤中（2-10cm土层及以下层），这些杀虫剂的衰减明显较慢，2种模型模拟这4种农药施用草坪后的损失过程表明：CHAIN2D的效果较PRZM的好，尤其是模拟挥发和渗漏损失过程，CHAIN2D的模拟结果与观测值有较好的一致性，而PRZM模拟的结果，参漏损失比观测的明显过多，挥发损失则明显过少；2种模型模拟这4种农药在土壤中的衰减过程，效果较不满意，特别是模拟的初期结果与实测的差异较大。     

化学农药污染土壤植物修复中的环境化学问题

报道了利用植草修复受DDT，BHC和Dicofol污染的研究，讨论了化学农药污染土壤植物修复中,农药在植物中富集与在土壤中降解以及结合残留等环境化学问题。研究表明，在植物修复的过程中，通过草对农药吸收的途径而去除土壤中污染物的作用所作的贡献很小，植草的作用可能是通过草的根部向土壤释放酶和某些分泌物，从而激发土壤中微生物的活性，并加速农药生物降解作用的结果。草在不同土壤中修复能力的差异，可能与不同土壤中所存土著微生物的差异以及其活性受酶和某些分泌物所激发差异的结果。选择能使根际区产生强烈的生物降解作用的草品种，是利用草作为化学农药污染土壤修复的关键。土壤与植株中农药结合残留的形成可能是土壤中污染物消除的又一个重要因素。     

茅草添加与温度变化对餐厨垃圾厌氧水解产酸的影响简

比较了茅草添加在温度变化条件下对餐厨垃圾厌氧水解过程小分子有机酸产量的影响，提出一种新型餐厨垃圾的资源化方式。研究结果显示，餐厨垃圾在55℃条件下厌氧水解主要产物为乳酸，达到25.7 g/L，其干物质转化率可以达到32.1% （g TS），而餐厨+茅草处理在同样条件下的乳酸产量为20.1 g/L，干物质转化率为25.1%。温度下降为37℃后继续进行的的厌氧水解，得到的主要产物是乙酸、丙酸和丁酸，餐厨处理和餐厨+茅草处理这两者的峰值分别为6.5、2.8、8.0和6.1 g/L、2.7 g/L和5.9 g/L。结果显示茅草添加可以在一定程度上调节水解产物的比例，而温度变化可以调控小分子有机酸的产量。本研究结果表明，厌氧水解是一种有潜力的小分子有机酸生产与餐厨垃圾资源化处理途径。     

共存杂质对磷酸铵镁结晶法回收磷的影响研究

研究用磷酸铵镁（MAP）结晶法去除、回收废水中的磷，分析含磷废水中各类共存杂质对MAP法去除、回收磷的影响。结果表明，废水中无机钙离子的存在可提高磷的去除率，而大分子有机物杂质的存在会使磷的去除率显著降低，小分子有机物对磷的去除基本无影响。在反应体系中引入外来晶种烟煤、石英砂和铁屑可显著提高低浓度含磷废水磷的去除效率，其中娴煤作为晶种的效果最明显。     

Effects of the anti-fouling herbicide Irgarol 1051 on two life stages of the grass shrimp,Palaemonetes pugio

This study investigated lethal and sublethal effects (glutathione, lipid peroxidation, cholesterol, and acetylcholinesterase) of the anti-fouling herbicide Irgarol 1051 on larval and adult grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio). The 96-hour LC50 test for larvae resulted in an estimated LC50 of 1.52 mg/L (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26–1.85 mg/L). The adult 96-h LC50 was 2.46 mg/L (95% CI = 2.07–2.93 mg/L). Glutathione, lipid peroxidation, cholesterol and acetylcholinesterase levels were not significantly affected in adult grass shrimp by exposure of up to 3.00 mg/L irgarol. Lipid peroxidation and acetylcholinesterase levels in the larvae were significantly higher than controls in the highest irgarol exposures of 1.0 and 2.0 mg/L, respectively. Cholesterol levels were significantly reduced in larvae in all four irgarol concentrations tested while glutathione levels were not significantly affected in larvae. Both lethal and sublethal effects associated with irgarol exposure were only observed at concentrations well above those reported in the environment.     

Synthesizing habitat connectivity analyses of a globally important human-dominated tiger-conservation landscape

As ecological data and associated analyses become more widely available, synthesizing results for effective communication with stakeholders is essential. In the case of wildlife corridors, managers in human-dominated landscapes need to identify both the locations of corridors and multiple stakeholders for effective oversight. We synthesized five independent studies of tiger (Panthera tigris) connectivity in central India, a global priority landscape for tiger conservation, to quantify agreement on landscape permeability for tiger movement and potential movement pathways. We used the latter analysis to identify connectivity areas on which studies agreed and stakeholders associated with these areas to determine relevant participants in corridor management. Three or more of the five studies’ resistance layers agreed in 63% of the study area. Areas in which all studies agree on resistance were of primarily low (66%, e.g., forest) and high (24%, e.g., urban) resistance. Agreement was lower in intermediate resistance areas (e.g., agriculture). Despite these differences, the studies largely agreed on areas with high levels of potential movement: >40% of high average (top 20%) current-flow pixels were also in the top 20% of current-flow agreement pixels (measured by low variation), indicating consensus connectivity areas (CCAs) as conservation priorities. Roughly 70% of the CCAs fell within village administrative boundaries, and 100% overlapped forest department management boundaries, suggesting that people live and use forests within these priority areas. Over 16% of total CCAs’ area was within 1 km of linear infrastructure (437 road, 170 railway, 179 transmission line, and 339 canal crossings; 105 mines within 1 km of CCAs). In 2019, 78% of forest land diversions for infrastructure and mining in Madhya Pradesh (which comprises most of the study region) took place in districts with CCAs. Acute competition for land in this landscape with globally important wildlife corridors calls for an effective comanagement strategy involving local communities, forest departments, and infrastructure planners.     

中小企业“4+1”安全管理与监管模式研究

在对全国中小企业安全生产状况调查的基础上,分析了中小企业的安全生产现状其数量多、绝大多数在乡镇街道、生产安全事故多发、职业病危害严重、从业人员素质低、生产力水平低;政府针对中小企业的安全监管人员数量少;乡镇街道的安全生产中介服务机构数量少,服务内容单一。因此,提出了中小企业安全生产监督管理“4+1”模式,其中“4”是指中小企业、政府安全监管部门、中介机构和社会监督部门的安全生产管理、监管、服务、监督体系,“1”是指提高监管效能的运行保障机制。该模式从宏观上为政府监管中小企业提出了一种新的思路,从微观上为中小企业、政府安全监管部门、中介服务机构、社会监督部门的安全生产工作提出了新的方法。     

百喜草茎叶发酵前后甲醇溶提物对离体条件下AM真菌的生长效应

发酵前后百喜草（Paspalum notatum Fl     

芬顿反应强化污泥脱水试验及机理研究

胞外聚合物(EPS)是影响剩余污泥脱水性能的关键因素。脱水试验过程中,将芬顿试剂和剩余污泥混合,控制芬顿试剂和稀硫酸的投加量,测定剩余污泥的毛细吸收时间和比阻,总结出芬顿反应对剩余污泥脱水性能的影响规律。试验表明:Fenton反应的最佳条件是pH为3,H_2O_2投加量为12.4g/L,Fe~(2+)投加量为1.5g/L,反应12min后,对应的毛细吸水时间(CST)和污泥比阻(SRF)分别为21s和0.3×1012m/kg。分析表明:Fenton反应能够破坏剩余污泥中EPS的蛋白质和多糖成分,瓦解EPS锁水结构,改善污泥的脱水性能。     

社会发展的软件建设

本文认为社会发展的软件建设,首先要研究制定社会发展的战略与规划,并把握战略的全局谋划和規划的总体安排;其次是以人为主体,将提高人的素质作为社会发展的基础,来促进社会发展的良性循环;再者以深化改革促进社会发展过程中人与自然的协调共存,逐步形成社会发展的良性运行机制;最后是探索管理模式,保证社会持续发展。