垃圾焚烧发电厂周边土壤多溴联苯醚污染特征及来源解析

为了分析市政垃圾焚烧发电厂PBDEs(polybrominated diphenyl ethers,多溴联苯醚)排放对周边环境的影响,于2012年8—9月,在哈尔滨2座市政垃圾焚烧发电厂周边共采集20个表层(0~10 cm)土壤样品,分析土壤中PBDEs的污染特征及其来源. 结果表明:垃圾焚烧发电厂周边土壤中w(∑₁₂PBDEs)(12种PBDEs的质量分数之和)为5.32~169 ng/g(以干质量计,下同),平均值为62.9 ng/g;PBDEs的主要组分为BDE-209,w(BDE-209)为5.18~169 ng/g,占w(∑₁₂PBDEs)的95%以上;w(∑₁₂PBDEs)显著高于2006年哈尔滨市区污染土壤值,二者相差1~2个数量级. 由于垃圾处理年限和处理量差异较大,垃圾焚烧发电厂A周边土壤中w(PBDEs)显著高于垃圾焚烧发电厂B. 与国内其他用地类型污染土壤相比,垃圾焚烧发电厂周边土壤中PBDEs处于中度污染水平. 主成分分析结果显示,PBDEs主要来源于商用十溴联苯醚及其降解物和商用五溴联苯醚.      

Leaching toxicity characteristics of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash

The continuously increasing production of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWIBA) has promoted its utilization as construction material and raised environmental concern. The physico-chemical properties and leaching behavior of MSWIBA were studied, and ecotoxicological testing using a luminescent bacterium bioassay was performed to assess the ecological pollution risks associated with its leached constituents. The MSWIBA was leached by two types of leachants, H₂SO₄/HNO₃ and HAc solution, at different liquid to solid ratios and contact times. The concentrations of heavy metals and anions in the leachates were analyzed. Multivariate statistical analyses, including principle component analysis, Pearson's correlation analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, were used to evaluate the contributions of the constituents to the toxicity (EC₅₀) of the MSWIBA leachate. The statistical analyses of the ecotoxicological results showed that the Ba, Cr, Cu, Pb, F⁻ and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations were closely correlated with the EC₅₀ value, and these substances were the main contributors to the ecotoxicity of the MSWIBA leachate. In addition, the cluster of these variables indicated similar leaching behaviors. Overall, the research demonstrated that the ecotoxicological risks resulting from MSWIBA leaching could be assessed before its utilization, which provides crucial information for the adaptation of MSWIBA as alternative materials.     

Observations on metal trends in soil and vegetation samples collected in the vicinity of a hazardous waste incinerator under construction (1996–1998)

The temporal variation in metal concentrations in soil and vegetation samples collected in an area of Catalonia (Spain), which will be under the potential influence of a new hazardous waste incinerator was determined. In 1996 and again in 1998, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Tl and V were measured in 40 soil and 40 herbage samples collected at 250–4000 m from the facility at the same sampling points. Data of both surveys and the percentages of variation are here presented for all metals. Results are shown according to the main wind directions in the area, as well as distances from the new facility. During the period 1996–1998, a general decrease was noted for most metals. Only the levels of Hg were significantly increased during this period. The present results will be useful for future surveys aimed to evaluate the environmental impact of metals derived from emissions of the new plant.     

印染污泥特性及其掺煤焚烧处置的环境影响研究

对佛山6家印染厂污泥的基本性质和重金属污染进行了分析研究。结果表明:印染污泥有机质含量较高;对照农用污泥污染物限值和城镇污水处理污泥处置混合填埋用泥质标准,Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn不同程度超标,说明印染污泥既不能农用,也不能混合填埋。污泥浸出液中重金属浓度远低于危险废物浸出毒性限值和城镇污水处理厂污泥单独焚烧用泥质的污染物限值。污泥与煤掺混焚烧烟道气中二恶英浓度在0.0125～0.022 ngTEQ/Nm3,远低于GB 18485—2001《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》限值和GB/T 24602—2009《城镇污水处理厂污泥处置单独焚烧用泥质》限值。     

抗生素菌渣处理处置技术进展

我国是抗生素原料药生产大国,抗生素菌渣产生量大、处理难度大,且属于危险固废,其合理、安全处置是目前制药企业亟待解决的难题。对抗生素菌渣的焚烧、肥料化、饲料化、填埋、能源化及其他处理处置技术的现状进行了归纳和总结,并对抗生素菌渣处理处置技术的发展趋势进行了展望。     

两种典型生活垃圾焚烧炉烟气中二 相态分布特征

采集了机械炉排焚烧炉和循环流化床焚烧炉两种典型生活垃圾焚烧炉排放烟气样品,应用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱(HRGC/HRMS)同位素内标稀释法分别测定了烟气不同相样品中17种2,3,7,8-位氯取代的PCDDs/PCDFs同类物的含量.结果表明,两种炉型中PCDDs/PCDFs同类物及毒性当量贡献率在冷凝水相中所占的比例均在85%以上,远远高于在滤筒相和XAD-2树脂相中所占的比例,机械炉排炉焚烧排放烟气中∑PCDFs与∑PCDDs的比值为0.77;而循环流化床焚烧排放烟气∑PCDFs与∑PCDDs的比值为5.28.机械炉排炉焚烧烟气三相中OCDD为优势分布,尤其是滤筒相中OCDD的百分比含量高达51.1%.流化床焚烧炉焚烧烟气滤筒、树脂、冷凝水相中没有出现某个单体对总浓度具有绝对优势的贡献.机械炉排焚烧炉和循环流化床焚烧炉排放的烟气中PCDFs的毒性当量贡献最大,尤其是单体2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF对总毒性当量的贡献均在30%以上.     

燃料式熔融固化垃圾焚烧飞灰的实验研究

在以柴油为燃料的熔融炉中熔融固化垃圾焚烧飞灰,并对固化效果进行检验。进一步探讨了不同环境对飞灰固化效果的影响规律。结果表明飞灰熔融固化后就不再具有浸出毒性的危险废物;酸性(pH≤4.5)和碱性(pH≥11.5)环境对固化效果的影响比较大;潮湿的环境对固化效果无明显影响。     

医疗垃圾焚烧烟气净化技术述评

综述了国内外近几年来的医疗垃圾焚烧烟气净化技术,分析各种方法的优缺点,并就我国医疗垃圾焚烧烟气净化提出针对性的建议。     

废手机面板焚烧产物研究

以废手机面板为试验材料,利用热重分析仪(TGA)研究热处理失重特征,同时利用气相色谱仪-质谱仪联用(GC-MS)对管式炉试验系统焚烧产物进行分析. 结果表明:废手机面板焚烧失重温度为128.3～558.1 ℃,最大失重温度为357.4 ℃;焚烧废手机面板导致面板组成材料液晶、偏光片和取向剂等发生化学反应,焚烧产物除CO₂外,还含有醛、酮、联苯酚、苯胺等芳香族化合物和少量的苯并吡喃、萘、菲、吡啶等多环芳烃(PAHs). 由于焚烧产物中绝大多数是有毒有害物质,部分可致癌,故废手机面板不宜焚烧处理,如与其他固体废物混合焚烧,必须采取相应的污染控制措施.      

市政污泥与生活垃圾掺烧工艺探讨

本文概括介绍了国内市政污泥处理处置的现状和目前不同类型的市政污泥处理处置技术，根据国外经验和国内情况做了市政污泥与生活垃圾掺烧的探讨，并总结了通过掺烧试验进行的工程应用实践。