论中国农业持续发展研究中的若干问题

“持续农业的研究对象”、“农牧结合问题”、“粮食问题”“农业生产布局”以及“中国农业生产效率”一直是我国学术界与政策决策阶层争论与关注的热点。五大“热点”不仅影响我国农业生产的正确决策,也影响着我国农业研究的方向。作者根据近年研究实践,结合国内外的大量研究成果,从理论与实践２个方面对上述问题进行了实事求是的分析、论述。①“持续农业”是学术术语,并不是农业替代模式,持续农业的研究对象则是促进农业持续发展的技术体系与管理战略,以此促进农业向环境健康与安全的方向发展,并不是“创造”一种新的农业生产模式完全替代常规农业；②我国农牧结合研究依然停留在古时期“种植业提供饲料,畜牧业提供畜粪还田培肥地力”这一传统观念阶段。农牧结合研究应该在我国农、牧生产专业化进一步深化的基础上,从饲料能量蛋白质供给与消费平衡这一深层次上优化和把握农牧结合强度及其协调性,同时要高度重视我国畜牧业生产专业化可能引发的农、牧“分离”及其潜在的环境问题；③有计划地节制食物消费的增长速度、引导膳食结构的转变与合理引导并积极寻找粮食替代资源,是解决我国粮食生产在经济高速增长前提下粮食供需缺口不断扩张的主要途径；④我国种植业生产发展空间格局的重心应摆     

土地利用动态监测中GIS与RS一体化的变更地块判别方法

论文针对土地利用动态监测面临的实际情况,提出一种GIS与RS一体化的变更地块判别方法。这种方法以矢量图斑为研究对象、以GIS的地理信息与RS的遥感影像信息为特征来源,提取图斑的特征向量。在设计识别方法时,将土地利用变更地块的识别变通成对标准地类的识别,同时引入“落入”、“误判高发区”的概念以降低变更地块的漏判率。经试验,这种基于GIS与RS一体化变更地块判别法基本可替代土地利用动态监测中的人工判读工作。     

江苏省小康社会环境质量综合指数考核与评价体系的建立

为规范对全省小康社会环境指标评价的管理,正确理解应用小康社会环境质量综合指数评价办法,简要介绍江苏省小康社会环境质量综合指数考核技术体系,阐明指标定义及确定原则、综合指数计算方法以及考核过程中的管理和评价技术经验.     

Too small to count? Making Land Use Transformations in Chiquitano communities of San Ignacio de Velasco,East Bolivia,visible

ABSTRACT

The Santa Cruz lowlands, east Bolivia, are one of South America’s most dynamic agricultural frontiers. In the Chiquitania, bordering Brazil, San Ignacio de Velasco was in 2017 ranked first nationally in terms of deforestation. There, two deforestation fronts meet with mechanized agriculture expanding from the West and South and cattle ranching from the East. Chiquitano communities are demographically dominant locally but often face land scarcity. Because of their comparatively low impact on forest vegetation, they are not well represented in broad-scale quantitative Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) studies. Based on an empirical, human geographical approach, this paper investigates the transformation of the local indigenous productive matrix, the associated land-use patterns and potential socio-ecological implications. The overall aim is to bear witness to the rapid and profound reconfiguration of traditional livelihoods with their integration in the market economy and to highlight the significance of micro-scale LULC-processes at global scale.     

THE ENVIRONMENTAL DISPLAY MANAGER: A TOOL FOR WATER QUALITY DATA INTEGRATION1

ABSTRACT: The Environmental Display Manager, EDM, is a development system on an IBM 3090 mainframe at the U.S. EPA National Computer Center in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. EDM provides mapping, display, analysis support, and information management capabilities to workstations located across the United States, and connected to EPA through federal, state, academic, and private communications networks. Through interactive software, EDM can quickly support analyses, create maps and graphics, and generate reports that integrate millions of pieces of environmental data. The concept of EDM is to provide easy access to environmental information, to provide automated environmental analyses and reports, and then to provide data, graphics, images, text, and documents that can be used by numerous output devices, software packages, and computers. The mapping cumponent works with an electronic version of the 54,000 7.5 minute quad sheets of the U.S. Geological Survey. The software also works with a hydrographic data base of the surface waters of the United States. With the maps, a user can look at the rivers in any state, can zoom in on a small pond, and can overlay and identify particular features such as industrial waste dischargers and factories. The hydrography allows routing for modeling programs, identification of upstream and downstream components, and linkage of environmental features associated with surface waters. Alternatively, users can query data based on latitude/longitude, city name, EPA permit number, state agency and station code, river name or number, and river cataloging unit. The maps can be overlaid with roads and environmental sites such as: municipal and industrial dischargers, Superfund sites, public drinking water supplies, water quality monitoring stations, stream gages, and city locations. Retrievals from related systems can be performed for selected sites creating graphics showing water quality trends, discharge monitoring reports, and permit discharge limits.     

基于包络线的云相似度及其在安全评价中的应用

在安全评价中,专家给出的数据一般带有定性和定量、模糊性和随机性、不确定性等特点。为了表示这些特点,并将这些信息进行分析、合并,进而达到化简的目的,提出一种基于包络线的云模型方法。该方法用云模型表示专家对某一问题给定的数据,形成多位专家对该问题的多个云模型。同时根据云模型形态特点,构建云模型的上下包络线,并对包络线之间的云滴区域进行积分。最终通过积分区域重叠部分与积分区域的比例关系来判断云模型的相似程度,达到将这些专家信息化简的目的。给出了4种基于相似度的评价语义化简规则。应用该方法分析巷道冒顶风险中稳定岩层距巷道顶板表面距离的中度风险语义。结果表明,两位专家对于该问题的看法既有联系又有区别。最后给出了该算法的优点。     

A study of the relationship between regional ferrous scrap prices in the USA, 1958–2004

This paper discusses univariate and mulitvariate methods used to deal with seasonal data with special emphasis on periodic models. These models are examined within the context of three regional U.S. ferrous scrap prices. All these variables can be described as being periodically integrated. The periodic models identified will be of use in assessing the future profitability of electric arc steel making. These scrap prices are shown to be periodically cointegrated in three of the four quarters with rapid speeds of adjustment to these long run equilibria. The cointegration relations have implications for the location of minimills.     

新型一体化装置处理村镇污水试验研究

依据我国村镇污水处理的技术要求及村镇污水水质、水量特点,提出了一种新型一体化装置。该装置采用活性污泥法与厌氧/缺氧相结合,并运用一体化的设计理念,集好氧、缺氧、厌氧于同一反应池。通过模拟村镇污水的运行,研究了新型一体化装置曝气/搅拌交替运行的最佳条件。结果表明:在水力停留时间为6 h,当曝气/搅拌交替运行的循环周期和时间比例分别为120 min和40∶80条件下,装置能同时实现对COD、TN、TP的去除,COD、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为86.1%、84.3%、77.4%,且出水水质保持稳定,出水COD、TN达到GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准,出水TP达到一级B标准。     

关于委托社会检测机构试行情况的调查与研究

环境监测服务社会化是环保体制机制改革创新的重要内容,余杭区通过严把检测机构准入关,严审监测方案可行性,严查监测过程规范性,严格检测机构监督考核等多项政策,对社会检测机构进行监督规范,从而为政府决策提供参考、为监督考核提供依据、为社会检测机构提供技术指导,满足了社会对检测的现实需求.为了进一步完善建设项目竣验委托社会检测机构政策,建议建立诚信制度,切实提高建设项目竣验委托社会检测机构政策的公正性;完善监管机制,保证建设项目竣验委托社会检测机构政策有效实施;加强人员培训,逐步完善建设项目竣验委托社会检测机构政策;规范收费制度,保证建设项目竣验委托社会检测机构政策稳定实施.     

The ambiguity of federalism in climate policy-making: how the political system in Austria hinders mitigation and facilitates adaptation

Although the impacts of federalism on environmental policy-making are still contested, many policy analysts emphasise its advantages in climate policy-making. This applies to the mitigation of climate change, in particular when federal governments (as in the U.S.) are inactive. More recently, federalism is also expected to empower sub-national actors in adapting to local impacts of climate change. The present paper analyses the role federalism in Austria played in greening the decentralised building sector (relevant for mitigation) on the one hand, and in improving regional flood risk management (relevant for adaptation) on the other. In line with the so-called matching school of the environmental federalism research strand we conclude that Austrian federalism proved to be more appropriate for regional flood protection than for mitigating climate change. We highlight that it is not federalism per se but federalism embedded in various contextual factors that shape environmental policy-making. Among these factors are the spatial scale of an environmental problem, the nitty-gritty of polity systems, and national politics (such as federal positions on climate change mitigation).