浅谈黑龙江及乌苏里江流域废水中污染物排放特征

以跨界流域黑龙江和乌苏里江为研究对象,通过合理的流域断面设置,对流域废水中的污染物及农药残留进行分析测定,通过监测结果为以后的污染防治提供依据。     

京津冀地区主要排放源减排对PM2.5污染改善贡献评估

研究选取2012年1月和7月作为冬夏两季代表时段,利用CMAQ/2D-VBS模型分析了冬夏两季京津冀地区主要排放源减排30%对改善区域PM_(2.5)污染的效果.结果表明,工业源对PM_(2.5)污染的贡献最大,其次是民用源,但工业源单位减排量贡献低于民用源,交通源和电厂源的整体贡献和单位减排量贡献均较小.工业部门内贡献最大的为钢铁冶金行业,其次是水泥、工业锅炉、炼焦、石灰砖瓦和化工行业.与各部门各物种排放量的比较反映出各排放源贡献大小与其一次PM_(2.5)排放水平高度相关.因京津冀地区冬季NO_x减排对PM_(2.5)形成的促进作用,以及冬季较弱的大气垂直扩散作用,各排放源夏季减排比冬季普遍更有效,交通源、电厂源以及工业源中的水泥、工业锅炉和石灰砖瓦行业夏季减排效果相比冬季优势明显.民用源由于采暖季排放较高而冬季贡献更明显,农业源因秸秆开放燃烧量大,冬季单位减排量贡献十分显著.从同等幅度减排考虑,应将工业源作为控制重点,优先控制其一次PM_(2.5)排放,在部门内进一步重点控制钢铁冶金行业的NO_x和SO_2排放、水泥行业的夏季NO_x排放以及炼焦行业的SO_2和NMVOC排放.民用源排放应着重在冬季采暖期控制.     

基于化石能源消耗的重庆市二氧化碳排放峰值预测

首先利用重庆市能源平衡表,采用IPCC方法 1对重庆市1997—2012年的碳排放进行核算;其次依据重庆市经济社会发展状况,通过LMDI因素分解法将影响碳排放的因素分解为:人口、人均GDP、产业结构、能源结构、能源强度和碳排放系数;然后利用扩展的重庆市STIRPAT碳排放模型,在9个情景模式下对2013—2050年重庆市碳排放进行预测;最后对比分析了各情景下的峰值大小及出现时间.研究发现:基准模式下的重庆市碳排放在2035年出现32135.38万t的峰值;提高能源利用技术、增加清洁能源使用比例和大力发展第三产业,能在不降低经济发展的情况下有效降低碳排放;消极因素中的第二产业占比下降比碳排放强度下降对碳排放的抑制作用更加明显;积极因素对碳排放峰值的影响比消极因素更有效.     

对新疆边境地区跨境环境问题的思考

新疆边境贸易的发展促进了新疆经济的发展,但是在发展的过程中也存在跨境水体污染、固体废物危险废物跨境转移、消耗臭氧层物质非法贸易、外来物种入侵、跨境保护区与野生动物跨境迁徙和沙尘等跨境环境问题,并针对性提出了相应的科技需求,旨在为新疆边境地区跨境环境问题的研究提供一些思考。     

Role of Alternative Electron Acceptors (AEA) to control methane flux from waterlogged paddy fields: Case studies in the southern part of West Bengal, India

The rice fields, depleted of O₂, contain large amount of moisture and organic substrates to provide an ideal anaerobic environment for methanogenesis and are one of the principal anthropogenic sources of methane. In order to mitigate this emission Alternative Electron Acceptors (AEA) were altered in the soil. The experiments were carried out in four seasons at the site of Balarampur, near Baruipur, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, namely September–December, 2005 (Cultivar: Sundari), February–May, 2006 (Cultivar: Sundari), September–December, 2006 and February–May, 2007 (Cultivar: Swarna-Pankaj). The seasonal average methane flux (Fe treated), for the cultivar type “Sundari” (season: September–December, 2005), is 4.41 t ha⁻¹, as compared to the value of 6.40 t ha⁻¹ for the untreated soil. Similarly for February–May, 2006, the seasonal average methane flux (Fe treated) is 5.52 t ha⁻¹, whereas the untreated flux is 5.69 t ha⁻¹. In the third and fourth seasons we had two treatments with Ammonium Thiosulphate and Ferric Hydroxide. The seasonal average methane flux (treatment: Ammonium Thiosulphate) is 4.35 t ha⁻¹ and 5.41 t ha⁻¹ respectively, whereas for the ferric hydroxide treated soil it is 4.35 t ha⁻¹ and 6.14 t ha⁻¹ respectively. The properties related to the nutrient quality of the harvested paddy seeds supplement these results.     

Point‐Nonpoint Trading – Can It Work?1

Ribaudo, Marc O. and Jessica Gottlieb, 2011. Point‐Nonpoint Trading – Can It Work? Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):5‐14. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00454.x Abstract: Water quality trading between point and nonpoint sources is of great interest as an alternative to strict command and control regulations on point sources for achieving water quality goals. The expectation is that trading will reduce the costs of water quality protection, and may speed compliance. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has issued guidance to the States on developing point‐nonpoint trading programs, and United States Department of Agriculture is encouraging farmer participation. However, existing point‐nonpoint trading programs have resulted in very few trades. Supply side and demand side impediments seem to be preventing trades from occurring in most trading programs. These include uncertainty over the number of discharge allowances different management practices can produce, high transactions costs of identifying trading partners, baseline requirements that eliminate low‐cost credits, the reluctance of point sources to trade with unfamiliar agents, and the perception of some farmers that entering contracts with regulated point sources leads to greater scrutiny and potential future regulation. Many of these problems can be addressed through research and program design.     

唐山排污权交易模式浅析

对开展排污权交易的目的、意义、关键因素进行了分析,对唐山排污权交易的工作进程以及交易指标、交易主体、交易程序、指导价格、申购数量、交易范围、优先及限制条件等模式特点进行了阐述,以期为同类型城市开展排污权交易提供参考。     

国外学术界对《巴黎协定》的评价及履约前景分析

2016年《巴黎协定》的正式生效是全球环境治理的重要里程碑,是国际社会在应对气候变化的艰难进程中迈出的重要一步,标志着全球环境治理从此进入履约阶段。本文基于宾夕法尼亚大学智库与公民社会项目(TTCSP)公布的《2015年全球智库指数报告》,选取其中排名前十位的国际环境智库的研究报告和环境领域中代表性学者的相关论文,对国外学术界有关《巴黎协定》履约前景的分析进行了系统梳理,并对此做出简要评述。文章在肯定《巴黎协定》有力推进国际气候治理进程的同时,也指出在新的国际形势之下,尤其是在英国正式启动脱欧进程和特朗普新任美国总统后,其履约过程中更是存在着协定之内和协定之外的众多挑战和不确定性,本文的基本结论如下:首先,协定之内面临着协定缔约方国内批准程序上的挑战;国家自主贡献的实现与发展中国家能力建设;2℃温升目标的实现前景;审评和盘点的效力评估;碳市场机制能否有效运行。其次,协定之外面临着英国脱欧的潜在气候政策变化及影响;美国气候政策的可能变化及其影响。基于对以上智库报告和相关研究论文的分析,笔者对《巴黎协定》的履约前景得出几点看法:(1)正视国际气候合作的机遇与挑战;(2)对具体议题的落实需充满信心;(3)理性冷静看待英美气候政策的可能变化;(4)鼓励环境类国际组织之外的非国家行为体展开通力合作。对此,我们应正视履约中的挑战与不确定性,做好充分的应对之策,确保履约进程的顺利完成。总之,《巴黎协定》的履约前景不容乐观,国际社会任重道远。     

Time and cost characterisation of emissions from non-road diesel equipment for infrastructure projects

The construction process contributes to pollutant emissions, particularly through the operation of diesel- and gasoline-powered equipment. In the past decade, a series of investigations were undertaken to quantify these emissions for a variety of non-road construction equipment performing different activities and undergoing different duty cycles, and a model to estimate quantities of six types of pollutant was developed. This paper uses that model to estimate emissions for four street and utility construction projects which no one has done previously. We combined information from company records with standard construction industry manuals to estimate total emissions for the projects and to examine the pollution patterns and magnitudes. The street construction projects all had similar emission profiles with a large peak at the beginning and a steady output of emissions throughout the duration of the project. For example, in two of the projects studied, half of all CO₂ emissions were produced before the projects were 40% completed. Results showed that demolition and earthwork are the activities with the largest contribution. The equipment types with the largest contribution are backhoes, front-end loaders, bulldozers and trenchers. Trenchers, for example, produced 30% of all emissions on the projects on which they were used.     

基于机制设计理论的环境政策初探

机制设计理论是研究在市场失灵的情况下，如何设计一套机制达到既定社会目标的理论。而环境问题的特殊性质使得单纯依靠市场无法合理有效的解决环境问题，这就需要机制设计这一理论的指导。基于机制设计理论的原理，已探索出很多环境政策，有效的预防并解决了污染问题，使公众利益与社会的总体利益达到了“激励相容”。本文在以排污税、排污权交易等环境政策的设计为例，探讨了机制设计理论在环境政策制定中的应用，同时分析了机制设计理论存在的问题，指出在经济全球化的背景下，依靠机制设计理论解决环境问题遇到的瓶颈，提出了利用机制设计理论制定环境政策未来的可能方向和着力点。