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41.
宣兆凯 《中国人口.资源与环境》2003,13(4):5-8
可持续生活方式是可持续发展社会中的基本生活类型,是实现可持续发展战略目标的社会基础。要使之成为我国社会的一种基本生活方式,关键在于民众普遍接受可持续道德价值观。 相似文献
42.
43.
Controls over soil microbial biomass responses to carbon amendments in agricultural systems: A meta-analysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cynthia Kallenbach 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2011,144(1):241-252
Soil microbial biomass (MB) facilitates key ecosystem functions such as soil aggregation and nutrient cycling and makes a substantial contribution to soil organic matter. While agricultural conversion drastically reduces MB, the use of organic amendments is an effective way to rebuild depleted MB. Yet, little is known about broad-scale, global controls over MB responses to organic inputs. We used a meta-analysis to identify the degree to which soil properties, agricultural management, and geographic location regulate MB response (carbon, Cmic; nitrogen, Nmic; and C:N ratio, C:Nmic) to animal manure-based inputs relative to inorganic fertilizers. We show that organic amendments increased Cmic by 36% and Nmic by 27% across all observations. The chemistry of amendments and their application rates were the strongest regulators of Cmic but edaphic properties were also important. C:Nmic averaged 8.6 and was not influenced by organic amendments under any conditions, providing evidence that the physiological requirements of microbes, rather than management or environmental factors, constrain their elemental stoichiometry. Our study indicates that even small quantities of organic amendments can be used to rapidly restore MB across a range of cropping systems but specific responses depend upon the type and rate of inputs as well soil characteristics. 相似文献
44.
Chandrajith R Kudavidanage E Tobschall HJ Dissanayake CB 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2009,31(3):391-400
Geophagy or deliberate ingestion of soils was observed among Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in the Udawalwe National Park, Sri Lanka, for several years. The geochemical and mineralogical composition of the clayey
soil layers which are purposefully selected and eaten by elephants in the park were studied, in order to identify the possible
reasons for elephant geophagy. The concentrations of major and trace elements were determined by means of X-ray fluorescence
spectrometry in 21 soil samples from eight geophagic sites and six soil samples collected from four non-geophagic sites. The
mineralogical composition of selected soil samples was investigated using X-ray diffractometry (XRD). These geochemical analyses
revealed that geophagic soils in the study areas are deeply weathered and that most of the elements are leached from the soil
layers under extreme weathering conditions. The XRD data showed that the soils of the area consisted mainly quartz, feldspar,
and the clay minerals kaolinite, Fe-rich illite, and smectite. Although no significant geochemical differences were identified
between geophagic and non-geophagic soils, a clear difference was observed in their clay mineralogical content. Soils eaten
by elephants are richer in kaolinite and illite than non-geophagic soils, which contain a higher amount of smectite. It is
suggested that elephants in Udawalawe National Park ingest soils mainly not to supplement the mineral contents of their forage
but to detoxify unpalatable compounds in their diet. 相似文献
45.
采用GC-FPD(S)法测代森锰锌在黄瓜和土壤中的残留,通过优化前处理和检测条件,使方法在0.007 6 mg/L~3.80 mg/L范围内线性良好,在黄瓜和土壤中的方法检出限分别为5.12μg/kg和2.35μg/kg。黄瓜和土壤3个质量比水平的空白加标回收率分别为91.1%~96.5%和82.4%~90.5%,7次测定结果的RSD为5.0%~6.5%和2.4%~4.1%。将该方法用于研究代森锰锌在黄瓜和土壤中的消解动态,得知代森锰锌在黄瓜中的半衰期为3.63 d~4.77 d,在土壤中的半衰期为4.19 d~7.33 d。 相似文献
46.
通过淋溶试验分析生物炭热解温度、生物炭与尿素比例、粘结剂含量对生物炭基缓释肥缓释性能的影响,采用土壤培育试验研究生物炭基缓释肥对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,600 ℃下热解而成的生物炭缓释性能优于300 ℃下热解形成的生物炭;生物炭添加比例和粘结剂含量的增加能提升生物炭基缓释肥的缓释性能;生物炭基缓释肥的加入可降低培育土壤的容重,增大土壤的饱和导水率,提高土壤pH值和土壤有机质含量。 相似文献
47.
Adsorption of lambda-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin on two typical Chinese soils as affected by copper
Jun Liu Xiaomeng Lü Jimin Xie Yafei Chu Cheng Sun Qian Wang 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(4):414-422
Background, aim, and scope Pesticides and heavy metals pollution in soil environment has become a serious problem in many countries including China.
Repeated applications of bordeaux mixture (a blend of copper sulfate and calcium hydroxide) and pyrethroid (Pys) insecticides
have led to elevated copper (Cu) and Pys concentrations in vineyard surface soils. However, few studies focused on the interaction
of Pys and heavy metals in the soil environment. Our previous studies had indicated the combined effect of cypermethrin (CPM)
and Cu on soil catalase activity. Also, we had suggested that the addition of Cu could catalyze photo-degradation of CPM and
lambda-cyhalothrin (λ-CHT) in aqueous solution and restrain their degradation in soil. To better understand the potential
influence of Cu on the fate of Pys in the soil environment, the aim of the present work was to examine the effect of Cu on
the adsorption of λ-CHT and CPM on two typical Chinese soils with different soil characteristics, which was one of the key
processes controlling the fate of Pys, and to provide more information about the potential ecological risk of chemicals on
the soil ecosystem. Fourier transform infrared and point charges analysis using the MOPAC program of the Gaussian system were
also used to reveal the probable adsorption mechanism of λ-CHT and CPM on soils.
Materials and methods Two vineyard soils with different properties were chosen as experimental samples. They were sampled from 0 to 10 cm, dried,
and sieved to 2 mm. Each soil was spiked with copper sulfate solution to obtain the following total soil Cu concentrations:
100, 200, 400, 800, and 1,600 mg·kg−1. The treated soils were incubated for 2 weeks and then dried at 20°C. For each soil sample and at each soil Cu concentration,
the adsorption of λ-CHT and CPM was measured using a batch equilibrium method. The concentration of λ-CHT was determined by
HPLC, and the amount of λ-CHT and CPM adsorbed by the soil sample at equilibrium was determined by the difference between
the initial and equilibrium concentrations in solution corrected by the blank adsorption measurement.
Results Without the addition of Cu, the adsorption of λ-CHT and CPM on Black soil is greater than that on Red soil, while the adsorption
of λ-CHT on both soils is significantly stronger than that of CPM. As the soil Cu concentration increased from 19 (or 18;
background) to 1,600 mg·kg−1, the adsorption coefficient (K
d) of λ-CHT decreased from 12.2 to 5.9 L·kg−1 for Red soil, and from 26.1 to 16.8 L·kg−1 for Black soil, whereas the CPM adsorption coefficient in both soils decreased nearly by 100% (K
d decreased from 9.4 to 0.2 L·kg−1 for Red soil and from 16.2 to 0.5 L·kg−1 for Black soil).
Discussion Pys adsorption is a surface phenomenon which depends on the surface area and the organic matter content. Thus, the Black soil,
having higher organic matter and greater surface area than that of the Red soil, show greater adsorption affinity to λ-CHT
and CPM. In our study, the different adsorption affinity of the two Pys was obtained, which was probably attributed to differences
with respect to their physical–chemical properties. Further comparison upon the two Pys was conducted. The point charges of
halogen atoms in the λ-CHT and CPM were calculated, the differences of which probably lead to the fact that λ-CHT has a stronger
binding capacity to soils than CPM. Also, FTIR spectra show that competitive adsorption occurs between CPM and Cu for the
same adsorption sites, which is responsible for the obtained suppression of CPM adsorption affected by Cu.
Conclusions Lambda-cyhalothrin shows a significantly stronger adsorption than cypermethrin on both soils. This phenomenon may be due to
several reasons: (1) λ-CHT has lower solubility and a higher octanol–water partition coefficient value than CPM; (2) λ-CHT
consists of specific isomers, whereas CPM is mixtures of eight different isomers; (3) the chlorine and fluorine atoms in the
λ-CHT have a negative point charge, whereas the chlorine atoms in the CPM have a positive point charge. As the soil Cu concentrations
increased from 19 (or 18) mg·kg−1 to 1,600 mg·kg−1, the adsorption coefficient of λ-CHT and CPM decreased on both soils. This is mainly due to a competition between Cu and
Pys for occupying the adsorption sites on soils. The information from this study have important implications for vineyard
and orchard soils, which often contain elevated levels of Cu and Pys. These results are also useful in assessing the environmental
fate and health effect of λ-CHT and CPM.
Recommendations and perspectives It is important for environmental scientists and engineers to get a better understanding of soil–metal–organic contaminant
interactions. However, pesticide adsorption involves complex processes, and shortcomings in understanding them still restrict
the ability to predict the fate and behavior of pesticide. Therefore, considerable research should be carried out to understand
the mechanism of interaction between Pys and heavy metal on soils clearly. 相似文献
48.
研究了不同母质来源的红壤剖面层中稀土元素结合形态的变化以及可溶态稀土元素含量的变化,结果表明,红壤中稀土元素的有效性较其他类型土壤为高,可溶态稀土元素在土壤稀土总量中所占的比例可达6%~7%左右,稀土的有效性主要与土壤中粘土矿物及有机质等组分对稀土的吸附有关。 相似文献
49.
不同提取剂提取酸性土壤有效态Cu和Cd的方法研究 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
选择HCl(1#)、HOAc(2#)、NaNO3(3#)和CaCl2(4#)、NH4OAc(5#)、NaOAc(6#)6种不同的提取剂提取某冶炼厂周边重金属污染水稻田土壤中有效态Cu和Cd。结果表明,对土壤有效态Cu,各提取剂按提取量排序为:1#〉2#〉5#〉4#〉3#〉6#,对土壤有效态Cd,各提取剂按提取量排序为:1#〉5#〉2#≈4#〉6#〉3#,有效态Cu的提取量因提取剂种类不同差异较Cd大;4#、5#两种提取剂对土壤有效态Cu和Cd的提取结果变异范围较集中,实验结果相对较稳定;各提取剂提取土壤有效态Cu和Cd的量与其在土壤中全量都显著相关,仅5撑提取剂的提取量与水稻籽粒中Cu、Cd的质量比显著相关。综合实验结果的稳定性与土壤重金属有效态的实际意义,NH4OAc(5#)为最适合提取该研究土壤中有效态Cu和Cd的提取剂。 相似文献
50.
焦化废水对蚕豆毒性的研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以COD作为主要参照指标,研究了焦化废水在符合《钢铁工业水污染物排放标准》(GB13456-92)焦化一级、二级排放标准限值要求时,对蚕豆幼芽、幼根生长和根尖细胞遗传损伤的影响。结果表明,经处理达标后的焦化废水长时间作用于蚕豆时,蚕豆幼芽和幼根质量会受到影响,焦化废水会引起蚕豆细胞的遗传损伤。该废水诱导蚕豆根尖细胞微核率增加,出现核固缩,诱导蚕豆细胞根尖染色体断裂、粘连和染色体桥数量增加,破坏染色体的结构和遗传稳定性。 相似文献