Building a global taxonomy of wildlife offenses

Most countries have many pieces of legislation that govern biodiversity, including a range of criminal, administrative, and civil law provisions that state how wildlife must be legally used, managed, and protected. However, related debates in conservation, such as about enforcement, often overlook the details within national legislation that define which specific acts are illegal, the conditions under which laws apply, and how they are sanctioned. Based on a review of 90 wildlife laws in 8 high-biodiversity countries with different legal systems, we developed a taxonomy that describes all types of wildlife offenses in those countries. The 511 offenses are organized into a hierarchical taxonomy that scholars and practitioners can use to help conduct legal analyses. This is significant amidst competing calls to strengthen, deregulate, and reform wildlife legislation, particularly in response to fears over zoonotic threats and large-scale biodiversity loss. It can be used to provide more nuance legal analyses and facilitate like-for-like comparisons across countries, informing processes to redraft conservation laws, review deregulation efforts, close loopholes, and harmonize legislation across jurisdictions. We applied the taxonomy in a comparison of sanctions in 8 countries for hunting a protected species. We found not only huge ranges in fines (US$0 to $200,000) and imprisonment terms (1.5 years to life imprisonment), but also fundamentally different approaches to designing sanctions for wildlife offenses. The taxonomy also illustrates how future legal taxonomies can be developed for other environmental issues (e.g., invasive species, protected areas).     

平煤股份六矿“U+L”通风综采面最佳横川间距确定

随着煤层开采深度的增加,煤层瓦斯含量不断增加,采空区瓦斯涌出量也随之上升,"U"型通风方式容易出现上隅角瓦斯超限等问题,影响煤矿安全生产,而"U+L"型通风方式中滞后横川和瓦斯抽放的运用对消除上隅角瓦斯超限和工作面瓦斯防治具有明显的作用。根据尾巷、横川及上隅角处瓦斯浓度符合规程且工作面横川间距最远时最经济合理的原则,针对平煤六矿戊8-22310工作面实际情况,利用Fluent软件模拟了尾巷有、无抽放时采空区瓦斯分布规律,得出了尾巷有抽放时和无抽放时最远横川间距。研究成果对"U+L"型工作面横川间距确定及工作面瓦斯防治提供了理论指导。     

浅谈特种设备检验机构的独立性公正性和公益服务性

本文针对特种设备检验的社会化问题进行了探讨,着重对社会检验机构的独立性、公正性和公益服务性问题进行了分析。就如何更好的保证特种设备安全的情况下引进民间资本参与检验以及如何确保检验机构的公正性和公益服务性提出了自己的见解。     

太湖地区典型小流域非点源污染物流失规律 --以宜兴梅林小流域为例

由农业产生的非点源污染是湖泊的主要污染源。为了研究太湖流域非点源污染负荷流失规律,选择了宜兴梅林小流域为研究对象,对降雨过程中径流流量及其污染物浓度随降雨—径流变化过程进行监测研究。采用统计和系统分析方法,建立径流量和非点源污染负荷输出量之间的数学统计模型,得出该流域非点源污染物流失规律,此方法可以推广到与该流域相似的其它地区的非点源污染研究中,应用于太湖流域水污染综合治理。     

现代流域管理体系研究

现代流域管理体系是由流域目标管理体系、流域治理技术体系、流域监测预警体系、流域法律与政策保障体系和流域行政管理体系五部分组成. 对流域目标管理体系的概念、组成和功能进行了深入剖析,分析了水体健康目标、污染控制目标、生态保护目标和资源利用目标的基本内涵,明确了流域目标管理体系在现代流域管理中的核心地位和科学意义;阐述了流域治理技术体系的基本内容,分析了工业污染控制、生活污水控制、农业面源控制和生态修复等要求,指出为确保流域生态环境得以改善,必需构建实用的、科学的流域治理技术体系;明确了流域监测预警体系在现代流域管理体系中的“感知”作用,指出完整的监测预警体系应具备提供及时、准确、完整的监测数据的能力,健全的网络监测能力,良好的评估功能,以及完善的预警和应急能力;强调了法律与政策保障体系是实现现代流域管理的必要措施,着重指出加强流域立法、完善管理制度和制订适合的经济政策,不仅可以保障流域管理目标、治理技术和监测预警体系的顺利运行,而且为流域污染治理提供政策和经济上的支持;最后分析了目前流域管理中流域行政管理的“多龙治水”问题,指出流域区划管理和地区间协调管理的必要性和紧迫性. 我国流域管理仍在起步阶段,流域治理技术水平不高,监测预警能力有待提高,流域管理相关立法不够完善,因此必须从流域管理目标、流域治理和监测预警入手加强经济投入,鼓励技术创新,构建完善流域法律与政策保障体系,最终实现跨区域、协调的现代化流域管理.      

Multiple receptor ambient monitoring and firm compliance with environmental taxes under budget and target driven regulatory missions

We analyze the potential for an environmental monitoring agency under different regulatory missions to use multiple measures of ambient pollution levels to induce firm compliance via endogenously determined probabilistic firm-level inspections of polluting activities. Departing from previous analyses, we consider a framework where the regulator has multiple, rather than a single, measures of ambient pollution in a setting where many firms are subject to a self-reported emissions tax that is not perfectly enforceable. Under a budget-driven mission, we show that a regulator can fruitfully utilize the added information from multiple ambient monitoring receptors to induce improved environmental compliance through the creation of strategic interactions among firms. Additionally, our results provide new evidence on the relative efficiency of budget- vs. target-driven environmental enforcement missions.     

Municipal solid waste management in Dalian: practices and challenges

The fast growing of urban areas in developing countries has brought serious problems on municipal solid waste (MSW) management. It will be rational to adopt an integrated approach to deal with such a challenge so that the overall eco-efficiency of MSW management could be improved. To better examine how attributes of integrated MSW management are being interpreted and put into practice, and to explore what changes should be made to improve the application of integrated MSW management, we employ a case study method so that lessons learned could be used to inform initiatives in other cities and the potential solution may offer feasible strategies. The case study city is Dalian, a typical seaport city with fast growing rate in economy. The outcomes of this case study show us that fragmented management structure, ineffective and inefficient enforcement of relevant regulations, backward technologies, limited financial resources and lack of public participation are main barriers for the implementation of integrated MSW management. Consequently, in order to overcome these barriers, we propose an integrated management framework on MSW management, aiming to maximize the overall eco-efficiency of MSW management.     

新疆喀什地区地下水铁锰水文地球化学及演化规律

新疆喀什地区高铁锰地下水严重影响当地供水水质安全及居民身体健康.基于数据收集及水文地质调查基础上,利用171组地下水水样测试数据,借助统计学方法和PHREEQC软件反演对喀什地区地下水铁锰水文地球化学进行研究.结果表明,研究区地下水Fe超标率为39.8%,垂向为深层承压水>浅层承压水>潜水;Mn超标率为60.8%,垂向为浅层承压水>潜水>深层承压水,Mn含量的超标率普遍高于Fe含量的超标率,且分布范围更广,更普遍;高铁锰地下水主要富集于SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca·Mg型水、SO₄·Cl-Na·Mg型水和SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca型水中,高矿化度地下水和蒸发浓缩作用有利于铁锰富集,潜水Fe含量受人为因素影响较大;研究区地下水Fe主要为Fe （Ⅱ）,Mn均为Mn （Ⅱ）;研究区地下水中铁的来源主要为原生地层中褐铁矿,部分为菱铁矿和其他含铁矿物,锰的来源主要为黑锰矿、软锰矿和部分菱锰矿等含锰矿物;潜水中As参与Fe的阳离子交换作用生成Fe （Ⅱ）,承压含水层Mn在高矿化度地下水中持续发生阳离子交换作用,随着含水层深度加大,研究区地下水中的黑锰矿、褐铁矿和软锰矿溶解始终未达到饱和,持续溶解.     

镇江市雨水收集利用示范工程雨水水质特性研究

以镇江市雨水利用示范工程为研究对象,通过对8场典型降雨雨水取样检测,得出了示范点雨水径流的污染状况和水质特性,分析各种雨水水质变化规律、雨水质量及其主要影响因素,研究各类污染物之间的相关性。结果表明:降雨初期径流污染严重,主要是有机污染物和悬浮物固体污染,雨水中的悬浮物与有机污染物浓度有一定的相关性;在弃去初期雨水后,水质基本满足景观环境再生水水质和城市杂用水水质的控制指标。     

中国大气颗粒物中金属元素环境地球化学行为研究

大气颗粒物金属污染已成为目前大气污染的研究热点之一。文章梳理、分析归纳了中国近年来大气颗粒中金属元素的环境地球化学方面的研究。目前研究较多的是Fe、Ca、Mg、Si等地壳元素和Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Hg等污染元素;大气颗粒物中对人体有害的Cu、Pb、Cd、As、Zn等污染较严重,而Cr、Mn、Co、Ni等污染较轻。大气颗粒物中金属含量随时间分布变化显著,总体上呈现冬季〉秋季〉春季〉夏季的特点,空间分布上一般北方燃煤城市大于南方一般城市;城市内部一般工业区〉交通区〉居民区〉郊区;金属元素在细粒径颗粒（〈2μm）中高,粗颗粒（〉2μm）中低,尤其以污染元素明显。污染元素与地壳元素的垂直分布规律差异较大。大气颗粒物中金属元素的富集程度与元素种类、区域类型、季节变化、粒径大小等有关。最后,提出应加强大气颗粒物中金属元素空间分布差异、时间分布的尺度及差异性研究;同时加强超细颗粒物的研究,以便建立大气颗粒物金属元素与人类健康关系的风险模型。