辽宁中部城市群大气污染分布及典型重污染的成因

通过分析2002年辽宁中部城市群的大气污染分布状况,将1月17~19日作为典型污染日,分析其污染状况及对应的气象条件,得出该地区典型重污染的气象条件是:风速小,日均风速小于2m/s,且都是局地风的影响;逆温严重,贴地逆温持续的时间长,大约持续到中午11时左右,逆温层的厚度大,5个城市逆温层的平均厚度大约在550~600 m,逆温层的强度大,5个城市的强度大约在0.9℃/hm~2.6℃/hm之间变化;从天气形势上来看,该地区冬季典型污染日主要受长白山小高压及东北地形槽的影响,大气状态非常稳定。     

Urban sharing in smart cities: the cases of Berlin and London

ABSTRACT

Addressing urban sustainability challenges requires changes in the way systems of provision and services are designed, organised and delivered. In this context, two promising phenomena have gained interest from the academia, the public sector and the media: “smart cities” and “urban sharing”. Smart cities rely on the extensive use of information and communications technology (ICT) to increase efficiencies in urban areas, while urban sharing builds on the collaborative use of idling resources enabled by ICT in densely populated cities. The concepts have many similar features and share common goals, yet cities with smart city agendas often fail to take a stance on urban sharing. Thus, its potentials are going largely unnoticed by local governments. This article addresses this issue by exploring cases of London and Berlin – two ICT-dense cities with clearly articulated smart city agendas and an abundance of sharing platforms. Drawing on urban governance literature, we develop a conceptual framework that specifies the roles that cities assume when governing urban sharing: city as regulator, city as provider, city as enabler and city as consumer. We find that both cities indirectly support urban sharing through smart agenda programmes, which aim to facilitate ICT-enabled technical innovation and emergence of start-ups. However, programmes, strategies, support schemes and regulations aimed directly at urban sharing initiatives are few. We also find that Berlin is sceptical towards urban sharing organisations, while London took more of a collaborative approach. Implications for policy-makers are discussed in the end.     

Mercury concentration in hair samples from Chinese people in coastal cities

This investigation was made to estimate current normal concentrations of total mercury in the hair of Chinese coastal people. Hair samples were collected from 659 healthy inhabitants in the areas along the coast and the rivers (such as Shanghai, Ningbo, Dalian, Xiamen, and Zhoushan) of China from Feb. 2005 to June 2006. Total mercury concentrations in the samples were analyzed by the cold vapor atomic adsorption spectrometry method (CVAAS). The results showed the geometric mean concentration of total mercur...     

2008-2016年臭氧监测试点城市的臭氧污染特征

选取臭氧试点城市北京、沈阳、上海和重庆，通过对2008-2016年臭氧监测数据进行分析研究，可以看出4个试点城市中北京的臭氧污染最严重。4个城市的臭氧污染特征均为高浓度臭氧所占比例较大，高值比较高，低浓度臭氧所占比例较小。北京、沈阳和上海的年平均臭氧浓度总体呈上升趋势。北京、上海、重庆、沈阳4个城市9年的超标天数比例分别为15.9%、7.7%、3.9%、6.5%。上海的臭氧浓度在秋季非常高。2012年的臭氧变化趋势比较异常，可能是由于2012年发生的不寻常气候条件导致。4个城市的臭氧浓度变化和气象条件的变化显著相关。     

Measuring Urban Water Conservation Policies: Toward a Comprehensive Index

This article (1) discusses existing efforts to measure water conservation policies (WCPs) in the United States (U.S.); (2) suggests general methodological guidelines for creating robust water conservation indices (WCIs); (3) presents a comprehensive template for coding WCPs; (4) introduces a summary index, the Vanderbilt Water Conservation Index (VWCI), which is derived from 79 WCP observations for 197 cities for the year 2015; and (5) compares the VWCI to WCP data extracted from the 2010 American Water Works Association (AWWA) Water and Wastewater Rates survey. Existing approaches to measuring urban WCPs in U.S. cities are limited because they consider only a portion of WCPs or they are restricted geographically. The VWCI consists of a more comprehensive set of 79 observations classified as residential, commercial/industrial, billing structure, drought plan, or general. Our comparison of the VWCI and AWWA survey responses indicate reasonable agreement (ρ = 0.76) between the two WCIs for 98 cities where the data overlap. The correlation suggests the AWWA survey responses can provide fairly robust longitudinal WCP information, but we argue the measurement of WCPs is still in its infancy, and our approach suggests strategies for improving existing methods.     

Trends in vehicular emissions in China's mega cities from 1995 to 2005

Multiyear inventories of vehicular emissions in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou from 1995 through 2005 have been developed in this paper to study the vehicle emissions trends in China's mega cities during the past decade. The results show that the vehicular emissions of CO, HC, NO_x and PM₁₀ have begun to slow their growth rates and perhaps even to decline in recent years due to the implementation of measures to control vehicular emissions in these cities. However, vehicular CO₂ emissions have substantially increased and still continue to grow due to little fuel economy improvement. Passenger cars and large vehicles (including heavy duty trucks and buses) are the major sources of vehicular CO₂ and CO emissions while large vehicles were responsible for nearly 70% and 80% of the vehicular NO_x and PM₁₀ emissions in these mega cities. Motorcycles are also important contributors to vehicular emissions in Guangzhou and Shanghai.     

Resource-based cities (RBC): a road to sustainability

Resource-based cities (RBC) have made momentous contributions to urbanization in China. However, as natural resources are exhausted, RBC are facing an enormous challenge. In this paper we put forward a resource-based city sustainability index (RCSI) and a resource-based city coordination index (RCCI), including environmental, social, and economic dimensions, adopted three weight scenarios, and selected 13 cities for study. The results: (a) help locate the problems by analyzing both dimensions and indicators; (b) simulate the trends of how RBC emerged, grew, declined, and regenerated; (c) categorize RBC into four types by integrating RCSI and RCCI; (d) give policy makers a holistic and comprehensive perspective in the future urban regulation and management; and (e) highlight a road to sustainability.     

Legitimacy for climate policies: politics and participation in the Green City of Freiburg

Cities are crucial to mitigating climate change and can serve as sites for innovations, providing examples of ways to conduct effective politics in transport, energy and land-use. What does it take to become a model for climate politics? This article argues that a few innovative measures will not suffice. A common vision based on broad legitimacy is crucial to achieving this position. Using a theoretical framework on input and output legitimacy with the City of Freiburg as the case, this article explores the political dimensions of the climate innovative city. The study shows that a specific kind of “green conservative” politics and a consensual view on climate issues across parties have been very important to creating political legitimacy. This has been supported by extraordinary and extensive citizen engagement in combination with the actual output, i.e. what environmental policies have delivered. The legitimacy for the Green City model also means that Freiburg is viewed as a highly livable city, in turn, creating self-enforcing dynamics that challenge its innovative potential.     

山地城市水安全问题的思考

中国属多山地的国家,山地城市依山而建,因其特殊的地理位置、地质条件、地形地貌、气候水文等环境要素,构成了区别于平原城市的重要特征。水安全是全球关注的问题,通过分析我国山地城市水安全问题及影响因素,发现水安全问题日趋严峻,为了构建可持续发展的"人"、"山地"和"水"的和谐关系,需要尽快开展山地城市水安全的研究。     

资源型城市系统演化的涨落因子及其协同分析

资源型城市系统能否形成新的、有序的耗散结构主要依赖于系统中的随机涨落,而这种随机涨落的产生是由各种触发和激化因子决定的.分析了资源型城市系统演化过程中的内源激化因子和外源触发因子,探讨了它们之间的协同动力机制,找出了资源型城市系统演化的序参量是科技进步水平、政府宏观调控和国家对资源型城市的投资.