支撑排污许可制度的固定源监测技术体系完善研究

排污许可制度是固定源核心管理制度,对污染源监测技术提出"便捷、智能、精细"的发展要求,依规发证、依证管理2个阶段均需要污染源监测技术的有效支撑。针对当前污染源监测技术体系现状,应进一步完善自行监测技术指南体系,对发证行业指南实施情况跟踪评估,适时修订;为将工业园区纳入核发排污许可证范围扎牢基础,制定工业园区自行监测技术指南;加快构建支撑证后监管执法的快速便捷方法标准体系和现场快速监测质控体系;加快构建智能化监测数据管理平台,实现"智慧大脑"功能;建立自行监测监督检查技术体系,强化排污许可制度框架下的自行监测质量的监督检查。     

Efficacy of extracting indices from large‐scale acoustic recordings to monitor biodiversity

Passive acoustic monitoring could be a powerful way to assess biodiversity across large spatial and temporal scales. However, extracting meaningful information from recordings can be prohibitively time consuming. Acoustic indices (i.e., a mathematical summary of acoustic energy) offer a relatively rapid method for processing acoustic data and are increasingly used to characterize biological communities. We examined the relationship between acoustic indices and the diversity and abundance of biological sounds in recordings. We reviewed the acoustic‐index literature and found that over 60 indices have been applied to a range of objectives with varying success. We used 36 of the most indicative indices to develop a predictive model of the diversity of animal sounds in recordings. Acoustic data were collected at 43 sites in temperate terrestrial and tropical marine habitats across the continental United States. For terrestrial recordings, random‐forest models with a suite of acoustic indices as covariates predicted Shannon diversity, richness, and total number of biological sounds with high accuracy (R² ≥ 0.94, mean squared error [MSE] ≤170.2). Among the indices assessed, roughness, acoustic activity, and acoustic richness contributed most to the predictive ability of models. Performance of index models was negatively affected by insect, weather, and anthropogenic sounds. For marine recordings, random‐forest models poorly predicted Shannon diversity, richness, and total number of biological sounds (R² ≤ 0.40, MSE ≥ 195). Our results suggest that using a combination of relevant acoustic indices in a flexible model can accurately predict the diversity of biological sounds in temperate terrestrial acoustic recordings. Thus, acoustic approaches could be an important contribution to biodiversity monitoring in some habitats.     

现代分析技术在水质氨氮监测中的应用分析

在水质监测中,氨氮的监测是十分重要且常见的项目之一。氨氮是释放游离氨的主要源头,而游离氨的含量上升是导致水体富营养的元凶之一,因此,监测水体中氨氮的含量是水环境监测工作的主要内容之一。随着环保意识的增强,我国开始越来越重视对自然环境的监测工作,也逐渐认识到氨氮在水体中导致的危害,开始积极开发和应用分析技术,用于监测水体中氨氮的含量及其变化趋势,为后续的资源保护、污染质量工作奠定基础。本文从常见的现代分析技术入手,分析并探讨现代分析技术在水质氨氮监测中的具体应用方式,希望可以为提升我国水质监测工作质量提供一些思路。     

ACCOUNTING FOR DISCREPANCIES IN PAN EVAPORATION CALCULATIONS1

ABSTRACT: Four experiments were made to document and account for differences in evaporation data that were calculated using pans equipped with float-activated recorders and pans with hook gauge/rain gauge instrumentation. Paired in-pan comparisons indicated that evaporation differences were not due to the technique of measuring water level within the pan. Also, the recorder float-lag did not account for the differences. By sampling rainfall events, it was found that evaporation pans and standard (8 in. orifice) rain gauges record significantly different amounts of rain, which results in differences in calculated evaporation on rainy days. Monitoring networks with evaporation pans should have uniform instrumentation that accurately records rainfall into the pans for consistent results.     

构建农民收入增长的长效机制

“三农问题”是关系国家经济和社会发展全局的问题，其核心是农民收入增长，农民收入增长的关键是构建收入增长的长效机制。本文通过分析中国农民收入的现状，从制度视角分析农民收入增长缓慢的土地制度、税费制度、金融体制、公共品供给体制以硬社会保障制度等方面原因．在此基础上提出构建中国农民收入增长长效机制的制度框架。     

江西省兴国县土壤侵蚀动态监测研究

介绍发应用遥感技术和调查资料编制的江西省兴国县三个时期（１９５８，１９７５，１９８８年）的土壤侵蚀动态监测图。结果表明，建国以来，该县水土流失的动态变化基本上呈抛物线的态势发展，目前水土流失面积在缩小，程度在降低，总的趋势向好的方向发展。     

Forest Monitoring in Urbanized Areas

Long-term stationary investigations in permanent plots have been performed in forests of different types growing in Greater Moscow. Their results have made it possible to reveal the trends essential to the dynamics of these forests and make a prognosis of their condition in the near future. Moreover, they suggest that it is necessary to review some long-standing concepts concerning the processes of forest formation, relationships between the main forest species, etc.     

ESTIMATING CENTRAL TENDENCY FROM UNCENSORED TRACE LEVEL MEASUREMENTS1

ABSTRACT: The statistical analysis of data which have trace level measurements has traditionally been a two-step process in which data are first censored using criteria based on measurement precision, and then analyzed with statistical methods for censored data. The process might be more informative if data were left uncensored. In this paper, information loss attributable to censoring and measurement noise are assessed by comparing the sample mean and median of uncensored measurements with a log regression mean and median based on censored data. Measurements are derived from lognormal parent distributions which have random variability characteristic of trace level measurement. The relative performance of estimators used with error-free samples and with samples having measurement noise can be explained by differences between the probability distributions of parents and measurements. Measurement introduces bias and dispersion and transforms lognormal parent distributions toward greater symmetry. Estimates using uncensored data are less biased and more accurate than the log regression mean and median when censoring exceeds about 50 percent, and are not much worse at any fraction censored. For data with many (80 percent) results below the limit of detection, bias may be quite severe.     

Monitoring the progress of attempts to reduce nutrient load and inputs of certain compounds in the north sea by 50%

During the winter period an inverse linear relation is found between the concentration of dissolved nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) and salinity in the Dutch coastal zone. This indicates a conservative behavior of these compounds from the river, through the estuary to the sea. During summer this relation is much more scattered because of biological processes. The physical and statistical properties of the relationship between salinity and the concentration of dissolved inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen are used to calculate when, where, and how many samples have to be taken in order to monitor a reduction of a compound accurately. It appeared that at any given salinity in the estuary and in the sea, the winter period is the most suitable season to detect a reduction of a given dissolved compound. The higher the salinity in the estuary, the more samples are required to prove the reduction significantly. A reduction of only 10% cannot even be demonstrated by field measurements during summer at salinities above 25. It is concluded that one cruise from the river to the sea, covering the salinities from 0 to 35 during the winter period, aimed at establishing the relationship between the concentration and salinity by taking samples at a salinity interval of for instance 1%, is sufficient to monitor a wide-ranging reduction of 10%–50% in both the fresh water and marine water. This program must be combined with a sampling at a salinity of 0, directed to determine the riverine temporal variability.