磷酸盐在土壤中吸附与解吸研究进展

就国内外有关磷酸盐在土壤中的吸附与解吸的研究进行了简要的综述，重点是关于磷酸盐的吸附研究包括磷酸盐在土壤中吸附的数学模拟、土壤吸附磷酸盐的机制、影响磷酸盐吸附的土壤组分、磷酸盐在土壤中解吸及其与吸附的关系以及有机无机土壤改良剂对磷酸盐吸附的影响，并提出了有待进一步研究的问题。     

酸度对好氧颗粒污泥生物吸附含铅废水影响的研究

为了有效地控制铅污染，利用序批式反应器（sequencing batch reactor,SBR）培养的以醋酸钠为碳源的好氧颗粒污泥作为吸附剂，进行生物吸附含铅废水的效能和机理的研究。通过考察酸度、接触时间和Pb²⁺初始浓度等因素的影响，验证好氧颗粒污泥吸附模型，并利用不同的脱附剂，进一步解析其生物吸附的Pb²⁺。实验结果表明, 酸度是影响好氧颗粒污泥生物吸附Pb²⁺的关键因素，当初始pH为5时，好氧颗粒污泥对含铅废水生物吸附效果最好。对低浓度（0～20 mg/L）含铅废水， 10 min后可快速达到吸附平衡。好氧颗粒污泥对Pb²⁺的实测饱和吸附量为101.97±9.00 mg/g，符合朗缪尔（Langmuir）模型。好氧颗粒污泥生物吸附Pb²⁺的过程，伴随着pH值的升高和K⁺、 Ca²⁺、 Mg²⁺的释放，此现象揭示离子交换作用是好氧颗粒污泥生物吸附Pb²⁺的机理之一。此外，脱附剂HNO₃、EDTA和CaCl₂能实现Pb²⁺的回收和好氧颗粒污泥的重复利用。     

碳管吸收气相色谱法测定大气中的非甲烷烃

文章研究了用碳管吸收大气中的非甲烷烃，经热解吸后，用气相色谱氢火 离子检测器进行测定的方法。本文色谱柱为玻璃微球填充柱。与其它方法比较，本法简便、快速，重现性好。     

改性沸石吸附低浓度氨氮废水及其脱附的研究

采用氯化钠溶液对浙江某地天然沸石改性,以低浓度氨氮废水为处理对象,比较了天然沸石和改性沸石的吸附等温线、吸附动力学和动态吸附,并进行了改性沸石的动态脱附研究.结果表明,沸石的平衡吸附量随着平衡浓度的增大而增大;Freundlich方程比Langmuir方程更好地描述沸石吸附低浓度氨氮废水的行为,改性沸石比天然沸石具有更...     

直接进样-热脱附-GC-MS快速测定大气细颗粒物中有机示踪物

建立了直接进样-热脱附-GC-MS快速测定细颗粒物中甾烷类和藿烷类有机示踪物的方法。经实验条件优化,13种目标化合物的线性回归方程的相关系数均在0.990以上,空白加标回收率为81.4%~102.3%,实际样品加标回收率为79.1%~112.9%,相对标准偏差小于13.2%。当采样体积为24 m~3时,各目标化合物的检出限为0.008~0.084 ng/m~3,方法灵敏度高。利用该方法测定了北京城区采暖季和非采暖季PM2.5实际样品,结果表明:各目标物均有检出,且采暖季的甾烷类和藿烷类化合物的总量均明显高于非采暖季。该方法无需复杂的前处理和有机溶剂,操作简便快捷,在颗粒物中非极性化合物的快速检测方面具有很大的应用价值。     

Removal of fenhexamid and pyrimethanil from aqueous solutions by clays and organoclays

The ability of a sodium montmorillonite (CLONa) and two commercial available organoclays having interlayer organic cations possessing different functional groups (CLO20A and CLO30B) was investigated for adsorbing two pesticides namely fenexamid (FEX) and pyrimethanyl (PMT). The two organoclays displayed a higher affinity with the pesticides than the unmodified clay, but the improvement in adsorption capacity varied according to the characteristics of the pesticide and the interlayer organic cation. FEX was adsorbed to a greater extent than PMT by both organoclays, which may be due to the higher hydrophobicity of FEX thereby indicating considerable hydrophobic interaction between the adsorbent/adsorbate systems. Our findings may find application in the removal of water-soluble pesticides from aquifers.     

不同沸石材料对沼液中磷素静态吸附去除

集中型沼液磷含量较高,处理不当极易造成二次污染。为了寻找高效磷吸附基质,以天然斜发沸石(TRF)、微波与氯化钠联合改性沸石(WLF)、CPB改性沸石(CPBF)、微米级(WF)及亚微米级(YWF)2种粉煤灰合成沸石为研究对象,对磷的热力学吸附解吸以及动力学进行研究,并对影响沼液中磷吸附的温度,沸石投加量、pH等因素进行探讨。结果表明,在投加量为10 g/100 mL时,TRF、WLF、CPBF、YWF、WF 5种沸石材料对实际沼液磷去除率分别达到24.24%、22.45%、28.56%、48.63%、40.22%;在15～35℃范围内,温度的升高有利于除CPBF以外的其他4种沸石材料对沼液磷的吸附;在pH从3.5～10.5的变化范围内,YWF、WF对沼液磷的吸附量变化幅度要大于其他沸石材料。与其他3种沸石材料相比,2种粉煤灰合成沸石具有更高的磷吸附量和吸附速率以及更低的解吸率,因此具有较大的沼液除磷优势,是优良的吸附材料。     

Effect of wheat and rice straw biochars on pyrazosulfuron-ethyl sorption and persistence in a sandy loam soil

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of wheat and rice biochars on pyrazosulfuron-ethyl sorption in a sandy loam soil. Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl was poorly sorbed in the soil (3.5–8.6%) but biochar amendment increased the herbicide adsorption, and the effect varied with the nature of the feedstock and pyrolysis temperature. Biochars prepared at 600°C were more effective in adsorbing pyrazosulfuron-ethyl than biochars prepared at 400°C. Rice biochars were better than wheat biochars, and higher herbicide adsorption was attributed to the biochar surface area/porosity. The Freundlich constant 1/n suggested nonlinear isotherms, and nonlinearlity increased with increase in the level of biochar amendment. Desorption results suggested sorption of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl was partially irreversible, and the irreversibility increased with increase in the level of biochar. Both sorption and desorption of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl correlated well with the content of biochars. The free energy change (ΔG) indicated that the pyrazosulfuron-ethyl sorption process was exothermic, spontaneous and physical in nature. Persistence studies indicated that biochar (0.5%) amendment did not have significant effect on herbicide degradation, and its half-life values in the control, 0.5% WBC600- and RBC600-amended rice planted soils were 7, 8.6, and 10.4 days, respectively.     

Effect of fly ash on sorption behavior of metribuzin in agricultural soils

This investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of two different fly ashes [Kota and Inderprastha (IP)] amendment on the sorption behavior of metribuzin in three Indian soil types. The IP fly ash was very effective in increasing the metribuzin sorption in the soils. The sorption with IP amendment was increased by 15–92%, whereas with the Kota fly ash an increase in sorption by 13–38% was noted. The adsorption isotherms fitted very well to the Freundlich adsorption equation and, in general, slope (1/n) values less then unity were observed. Although both the fly ashes significantly decreased metribuzin desorption, the IP fly ash was comparatively more effective in retaining metribuzin in the soils. Metribuzin sorption in the IP fly ash-amended soils showed strong correlation with the fly ash content and compared to K_f/K_d values, K_FA values (sorption normalized to fly ash content) showed less variation. Metribuzin sorption-desorption did not correlate to the organic carbon content of the soil-fly ash mixture. The study demonstrates that all coal fly ashes may not be effective in enhancing the sorption of metribuzin in soils to the same extent. However, among the fly ashes used in this study, the IP fly ash was observed to be significantly effective in enhancing the sorption of metribuzin in soils. This may play an important role in reducing the run off and leaching losses of the herbicide by retaining it in the soil.     

土壤颗粒级配对镉吸附-解吸规律的影响

利用甘肃金川某地土壤通过批实验进行等温吸附和动力学解吸实验,研究不同颗粒级配的中砂对镉的吸附、解吸特征,并采用Freundlich和一级动力学方程对其吸附解吸方程进行拟合。结果表明,(1)Freundlich和一级动力学方程对该土壤吸附、解吸镉的实验适用;(2)等温吸附实验中4组不同颗粒级配的中砂对镉的吸附性很强,最大平衡吸附量依次为260.667、286.107、299.362和292.232 mg/kg,吸附性能与颗粒级配中的细粒土相对含量大小成正比;(3)4组土壤对镉的解吸在初期2 h内解吸速率均较快,在3 h左右达到吸附-解吸平衡。平衡后4组土样Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ的最大解吸量依次为0.752、0.561、0.44和0.54 mg/kg,解吸速率和平衡时最大解吸量均与颗粒级配中细颗粒相对含量密切相关。