炼化浓盐水处理与资源化工艺探讨＊

炼化污水深度处理回用是各炼化企业节水减排的主要措施之一。炼化企业反渗透(简称RO)污水脱盐回用装置在运行中暴露出末端高含盐污水的处置难题,影响了污水回用生产的连续运行。文章阐述近年来炼化企业高含盐污水处置现状、存在问题、国内外处理技术及发展趋势,在此基础上针对炼化企业特点,提出以热法、膜法为核心技术的浓盐水处理工艺耦合方案,为炼化企业解决污水回用瓶颈技术难题、实施污水"零排放"与发展循环经济提供借鉴与参考。     

Acid Orange 7 degradation using methane as the sole carbon source and electron donor

• AO7 degradation was coupled with anaerobic methane oxidation. • Higher concentration of AO7 inhibited the degradation. • The maximum removal rate of AO7 reached 280 mg/(L·d) in HfMBR. • ANME-2d dominated the microbial community in both batch reactor and HfMBR. • ANME-2d alone or synergistic with the partner bacteria played a significant role. Azo dyes are widely applied in the textile industry but are not entirely consumed during the dyeing process and can thus be discharged to the environment in wastewater. However, azo dyes can be degraded using various electron donors, and in this paper, Acid Orange 7 (AO7) degradation performance is investigated using methane (CH₄) as the sole electron donor. Methane has multiple sources and is readily available and inexpensive. Experiments using ¹³C-labeled isotopes showed that AO7 degradation was coupled with anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) and, subsequently, affected by the initial concentrations of AO7. Higher concentrations of AO7 could inhibit the activity of microorganisms, which was confirmed by the long-term performance of AO7 degradation, with maximum removal rates of 8.94 mg/(L·d) in a batch reactor and 280 mg/(L·d) in a hollow fiber membrane bioreactor (HfMBR). High-throughput sequencing using 16S rRNA genes showed that Candidatus Methanoperedens, affiliated to ANME-2d, dominated the microbial community in the batch reactor and HfMBR. Additionally, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria bacteria (Phenylobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Geothermobacter) improved after AO7 degradation. This outcome suggested that ANME-2d alone, or acting synergistically with partner bacteria, played a key role in the process of AO7 degradation coupled with AOM.     

填埋场产气规律的模型预测

垃圾填埋产气率预测对于评估填埋场能源气体产生潜力,确定填埋气体利用方式极为关键. 通过对南京水阁垃圾填埋场的现场取样、抽气试验及工程运行等数据的分析,讨论了对于填埋气体产生的两步一级反应耦合模型的求解方法;建立了基于有机物分解数据和现场抽气试验数据的2类求解途径,并对各自的适用范围进行了分析;给出了最大产气率、最大产气率发生时间和最大产气率发生时已产气量的解析解,其中最大产气率与反应速率常数(K)和总产气量(L0)有关,最大产气率发生时间仅与K有关,而最大产气率发生时的已产气量占总产气量的比率为常数,与反应介质、反应条件等均无关. 结果表明,填埋气体两步一级反应耦合模型的预测结果与实测结果较吻合.      

1991—2004年东亚温室气体浓度特征及变化趋势

利用NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory提供的1991─2004年Tae-ahn(韩国),Ulaan Uul(蒙古)以及瓦里关(中国)的大气温室气体CO₂和CH₄的数据,对东亚地区大气温室气体的浓度特征及变化趋势进行研究.结果表明:14年来东亚地区大气中φ(CO₂)和φ(CH₄)月和年平均值总体呈明显上升趋势;3个监测站的φ(CO₂)年线性递增率比较接近,平均值为1.91×10-6a-1,季节变化较一致;从沿海到内陆这2种温室气体的浓度均随海拔升高而逐渐降低.      

准好氧填埋工艺氧气浓度对甲烷与二氧化碳浓度的影响研究

构建了准好氧填埋模拟装置,在其产气相对稳定期间,测定填埋装置内不同点位的ψ(O₂),ψ(CH₄)和ψ(CO₂),并用数学模型对ψ(O₂)与ψ(CH₄)和ψ(CO₂)之间的关系进行拟合.结果表明:随着ψ(O₂)的增加,上层ψ(CH₄)呈对数规律下降,而ψ(CO₂)呈线性规律下降;中层ψ(CH₄)和ψ(CO₂)均呈指数规律下降;下层ψ(CH₄)呈指数规律下降,而ψ(CO₂)先保持在34%左右波动,当ψ(O₂)大于1.8%后呈指数规律下降.上层主要为好氧带,ψ(CH₄)低于ψ(CO₂);中层主要为兼氧带,当ψ(O₂)小于5.8%时ψ(CH₄)高于ψ(CO₂),而当ψ(O₂)大于5.8%时ψ(CH₄)低于ψ(CO₂);下层主要为厌氧带,当ψ(O₂)小于2.8%时ψ(CH₄)高于ψ(CO₂),而当ψ(O₂)大于2.8%时ψ(CH₄)低于ψ(CO₂).      

渗滤液回流对准好氧填埋产气过程影响研究

依据准好氧填埋的原理,构建了大型模拟填埋场。对准好氧填埋结构渗滤液回流情况下填埋气产气过程做了跟踪监测。定期测定填埋气中的组分浓度变化,结合填埋场渗滤液水质变化进行分析。结果表明准好氧填埋条件下进行渗滤液回流有利于减轻渗滤液的排放量且不会造成NH4+-N的累积。渗滤液回流可以加快甲烷的产气速度,渗滤液回流时的甲烷浓度约为不回流时的甲烷浓度的2倍。从而可加快垃圾的稳定化进程。     

高压脉冲等离子体催化还原NO的研究

用离子交换法制备Co-ZSM-5催化剂,考察了有氧条件下,在甲烷选择还原NO的反应中,高压脉冲等离子体的加入对Co-ZSM-5活性的影响。发现在一定温度范围内,高压脉冲等离子体与Co-ZSM-5之间存在协同效应。在此基础上,初步探讨了高压脉冲等离子体活化CH4催化还原净化NO的反应机理。     

多元可燃性气体爆炸压力与中间产物发射光谱特性的耦合研究

工业生产中爆炸事故往往是由多元可燃气体与空气混合后遇到明火而引起的，为研究乙烷（C₂H₆）、乙烯（C₂H₄）、一氧化碳（CO）、氢气（H₂）对甲烷爆炸特性的影响，选取多组分可燃气体甲烷爆炸压力特性和自由基发射光谱的影响进行研究，利用陕西省工业过程安全与应急救援工程技术研究中心重点实验室搭建的多功能球形气体/粉尘爆炸实验装置和单色仪进行爆炸实验测试，同步采集时间—压力曲线、中间产物（OH，CH₂O）的发射光谱信号，考察多组分可燃气体浓度对甲烷爆炸压力特性和中间产物的影响。结果表明:在富氧状态下，多组分可燃气体加剧了甲烷—空气混合体系的爆炸剧烈程度，随着体系中氧气含量的减少、由富氧状态变为贫氧状态、促进作用逐渐减弱转变为阻尼作用，爆炸压力特性与中间产物发射光谱参数的影响规律基本保持一致，均呈高度正相关；多元混合体系爆炸剧烈程度越大，自由基发射光谱达到峰值的速度越快，自由基更早、更快的积累是加剧爆炸程度的原因之一。     

Uncertainty in Agricultural CH<Subscript>4</Subscript> AND N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O Emissions from Finland – Possibilities to Increase Accuracy in Emission Estimates

According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol under it, industrial countries have to estimate their greenhouse gas emissions annually, and assess the uncertainties in these estimates. In Finland, agricultural methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N_2O) emissions represent 7% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, and globally the share is much higher. Agriculture is one of the most uncertain emission categories (representing over 20% of greenhouse gas inventory uncertainty in Finland), due to both high natural variability of the emission sources and poor knowledge of the emission-generating processes. In this paper, we present an uncertainty estimate of agricultural CH₄ and N₂O emissions from Finland in 2002. Uncertainties were estimated based on measurement data, literature and expert judgement, and total uncertainty in agriculture was calculated using Monte Carlo simulation. According to the calculations, agricultural CH₄ and N₂O emissions from Finland were 3.7 to 7.8 Tg carbon dioxide (CO₂) equivalents, 5.4 Tg being the mean value.Estimates of CH₄ emissions are more reliable than those of N₂O. N₂O from agricultural soils was the most uncertain emission category, and the uncertainty was not reduced by using available national measurement data of N₂O fluxes. Sensitivity study revealed that the uncertainty in total agricultural inventory could be 7% points lower, if more accurate emission estimation methods were used, including 1) improved data collection in area estimates of organic soils, 2) climate-specific methods for N₂O from agricultural soils as already presented in literature, and 3) more detailed CH₄ estimation methods for enteric fermentation which can be achieved by investigating national circumstances and digestible systems of animals in more detail.     

覆草旱作稻田CH4和N2O的排放

通过田间试验比较水稻覆草旱作常规施氮肥、覆草旱作推荐施氮肥和常规水作水稻全生育期内稻田土壤微量气体的排放.结果表明,旱作稻田N2O排放总量比水作稻田高1.5~3.7倍,在旱作覆草处理中常规施肥N2O排放较推荐施肥高2.4倍.水作稻田CH4排放总量比旱作稻田多5~6倍,而两旱作处理间差异不显著.水作稻田CH4的排放与水稻生育期关系密切,以分蘖盛期的2.2mg/(m2h)为最大;旱作稻田CH4的排放与施氮关系不明显.施氮是影响旱作稻田N2O排放的关键因素,每次施氮后,旱作稻田均会出现剧烈的排放高峰.水稻不同栽培方式的增温潜势的高低顺序为:覆草旱作常规施氮肥>常规水作>覆草旱作推荐施氮肥.