垃圾填埋场内部CH4浓度随时间的变化特征及其模拟

通过对沸山市五峰垃圾清现场内部部分时段ＣＨ４浓度的监测，分析了在填埋场内部垃圾发酵过程中ＣＨ４浓度随时间的动态变化特征提出了利用某些统计曲线分别模拟或综合模块ＣＨ４浓度随时间的变化过程的方法，应用表明：本方法可以较准确地预测垃圾发酵主要内的ＣＨ４浓度随时间的变化，仅在垃圾发酵的尾声阶段，模拟浓度与实测浓度有少许出人。     

Preparation and catalytic properties of ZrO2-Al2O3 composite oxide supported nickel catalysts for methane reforming with carbon dioxide

ZrO2-Al2O3 composite oxides and supported Ni catalysts were prepared, and characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The catalytic performance and carbon deposition was also investigated. This mesoporous composite oxide is shown to be a promising catalyst support. An increase in the catalytic activity and stability of methane and carbon dioxide reforming reaction was resulted from the zirconia addition, especially at 5wt% ZrO2 content. The Ni catalyst supported ZrO2-Al2O3 has a strong resistance to sintering and the carbon deposition in a relatively long-term reaction.     

化学诱变结合结构类似物法选育高苯丙氨酸解氨酶菌种

ＥＭＳ诱变结合结构类似物法提高含ＰＡＬ出发菌株红酵母Ｒｈｏｄｏｔｏｒｕｌａ ｓｐ．ＣＩＢＡＳＡ１４０１１００ 生物转化能力阳性率为３５．５ ％ ,部分突变株ＰＡＬ转化能力提高１ 倍以上,其中Ｅ１０５,Ｅ２４０ 具有快速转化能力,反应３ ｈＬＰｈｅ累积浓度达到１ ｇＬ左右．φ１０％ 甘油和３０ ｇＬＧｌｕ 对ＰＡＬ转化具有明显的稳定作用．用含φ１０％ 甘油和３０ ｇＬＧｌｕ 的反应液进行生物转化制备,Ｅ１０５ 和Ｅ２４０ 在２４ ｈ 期间ＬＰｈｅ 质量浓度大于２０ ｇＬ,转化率达８０ ％ ．     

甲烷气体标准样品的研制

对称量制备甲烷气体标准样品的制备方法进行了详细研究 ,对可能引起甲烷量值不确定度的各种误差来源进行了分析。文中提出的甲烷气体标准样品制备方法具有很好的重现性 ,所制备的甲烷气体标准样品具有良好的压力稳定性并已能在三种气瓶中稳定保存 1 8个月 ,其量值准确、可比 ,并已在全国环境监测网试用。     

CHEMISTRY OF COALBED METHANE DISCHARGE WATER INTERACTING WITH SEMI‐ARID EPHEMERAL STREAM CHANNELS1

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to examine the chemistry of Coalbed Methane (CBM) discharge water reacting with semi‐arid ephemeral stream channels in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming. The study area consisted of two ephemeral streams: Burger Draw and Sue Draw. These streams are tributaries to the perennial Powder River. Samples were collected bimonthly from three CBM discharge points and seven channel locations in Burger Draw and Sue Draw. Samples were also collected bimonthly from the Powder River above and below the confluence of Burger Draw. Before sample collection, the pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured in the field. Samples were transported to the laboratory and analyzed for alkalinity, major cations, and anions. From the measurement of sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg), practical sodium adsorption ratio (SARp) and true sodium adsorption ratio (SARt) were calculated. Results suggest pH and EC of CBM discharge water was 7.1 and 4.3 dS/m, respectively. The CBM discharge water consisted of higher concentrations of sodium and alkalinity compared to other components. The pH of CBM discharge water increased significantly (p = 0.000) in the downstream channel of Burger Draw from 7.1 to 8.84 before it joined with the Powder River. Dissolved calcium concentration of CBM discharge water decreased significantly (p = 0.000) in the downstream channel water. Subsequently, SARp increased approximately from 24 to 29. The SARt also increased significantly (p = 0.001) in the downstream channel water. For instance, SARt of CBM discharge water increased from 32.93 to 45.5 downstream channels after the confluence of Sue Draw with the Burger Draw. The only significant difference in water chemistry above and below the confluence of Burger Draw with the Powder River was pH, which increased from 8.36 to 8.52. The significant increase in SAR values of CBM discharge water in Burger Draw and Sue Draw tributaries suggest a careful monitoring of salinity and sodicity is needed if CBM discharge water is used for irrigation in semi‐arid environments. Results discussed in this study will be useful to downstream water users who depend on water for irrigation.     

控制稻田甲烷排放的农业耕作条件的研究

在1990—1992年期间中国环境科学研究院观测了北京地区洼里乡的稻田中甲烷的排放情况。其间农田中施用了有机堆肥和几种化学肥料,以观察化学肥料和有机肥料对甲烷排放的影响。结果显示,在通常的农业耕作条件下本地区甲烷排放水平为17.6mg/m~2·h,并且在整个生长期中间有两个排放高峰,高峰期甲烷排放量占全年排放总量的65％以上,试验结果还显示有机肥料具有增加甲烷排放的作用;化学肥料,如硫胺、尿素等,在其有效作用期间,有抑制甲烷排放的作用,间歇灌溉是有效控制甲烷排放的方法之一。     

中国反刍动物甲烷排放量的初步估算及减缓技术

根据ＯＥＣＤ提供的反刍动物甲烷排放量计算方法，结合中国反刍动物能量供应的特点，初步估算了中国反刍动物甲烷排放量。反刍动物摄入总能量的６．９％～７．５％通过甲烷排放而损失掉，１９９０年甲烷排放量为５．８０Ｔｇ，约为全球动物排放量的７．２％。文中提出采取秸秆处理，舔砖和过瘤蛋白使用，改善管理等改进措施，不仅可以提高生产水平，也可减少甲烷排放量。     

水稻田的甲烷释放特性及其生物学机理

本文报导采用土柱法和田间原位法研究渍水稻田甲烷释放特性的结果。不同生育期的测定表明,早稻以分蘖盛期时释放量最大,以后逐渐减少,晚稻从分蘖始期起逐渐增加,至分蘖盛期、末期时达到最大,随后在孕穗期急剧减少,至生长后期又有所回升。以原位法测定表明,晚间和上午释放的甲烷量较多,中午几乎无甲烷释放,下午又有少量释放。不同施肥区稻田甲烷释放量明显不同,以施猪粪有机肥区为最高,次为施尿素无机氮区,不施肥区最低。但各施肥区水稻不同生育期的甲烷释放趋势完全一致,以分蘖期释放量最大,稻田释放的甲烷主要是稻植株释放的,可占总释放量的85％以上。行株间土壤释放的量不多。田间水释放极少,就植株而言,甲烷释放部位主要是在与土壤密切结合的未扰动的根基和根系部位,水面下茎秆白色部分和水上绿色部分几乎无释放。根系也主要是靠近根基的上半部分,根尖部位甲烷形成活性明显小得多。且研究表明,产甲烷细菌附存于根表而不进入根内组织。根际土壤中产甲烷细菌、厌氧性纤维素分解细菌和甲烷氧化细菌的数量以及总挥发有机酸含量都明显高于和行间土壤。     

控制稻田甲烷排放的农业技术选择

本文探讨了通过农业技术措施，控制稻田甲烷排放以及减少甲烷排放的潜力。试验结果表明：（１）用沼渣代替农家肥堆肥作基肥时，４种沼渣基肥处理中，有３种处理稻田甲烷排放通量比施农家肥的处理减少２４～６２％，比单纯施化肥处理减少１１～５６％；１种沼渣（马粪）由于腐熟度不够，其处理甲烷减排效果不明显；（２）改换氮肥的施用种类。以硝铵、硫铵代替尿素作追肥，甲烷排放通量分别减少２６％和４６％；（３）稻田的科学灌溉技术，从水用分蘖到抽穗期间，间歇落干，可以明显减少甲烷排放，而对产量无影响；（４）水稻半旱式栽培技术，也可明显抑制稻田甲烷排放。