硝化渗滤液回灌对填埋垃圾反硝化、产甲烷及稳定化的影响

垃圾填埋场是重要的甲烷释放源,其有效管理是减缓温室效应的重要环节.通过硝化渗滤液回灌模拟垃圾填埋柱,研究硝化渗滤液在新鲜垃圾和老龄垃圾填埋柱中的脱氮及对垃圾稳定化和产甲烷的影响.结果表明,回灌的硝化渗滤液在不同填埋龄垃圾柱中,均可实现总氧化态氮(Total oxidation nitroge,TON)完全还原.当回灌TON负荷分别达到14.19 g t-1(TS)d-1和10.45 g t-1(TS)d-1时,新、老垃圾柱中甲烷产生开始受到抑制.实验后期,回灌TON负荷增至38.78 g t-1(TS)d-1和30.62 g t-1(TS)d-1时,新、老垃圾填埋柱产甲烷相对抑制率分别达54.10%和95.77%.同时,回灌反硝化对新、老垃圾柱中垃圾降解贡献率(Rd)分别达85%和93%,能有效促进垃圾稳定.     

缺氧嗜甲烷古菌研究进展

综述了缺氧嗜甲烷古菌的分布、生态位、形态与代谢特征的新发现,并讨论了其与产甲烷菌的关系.在无氧条件下,缺氧嗜甲烷古菌与硫酸盐还原菌互养,氧化甲烷气体以阻止其进入大气.缺氧嗜甲烷古菌主要分布于深海甲烷渗漏区和冷泉区域,在其他多种缺氧环境中也能发现,由于还未获得纯培养,对这类微生物的生态位知之甚少.其细胞呈球状、杆状,有时聚集成球状集合体或连接形成丝状体.缺氧甲烷氧化可能经过"反甲烷合成"、"甲基合成"等路径.嗜甲烷古菌与产甲烷菌有着较近的亲缘关系,并且存在许多相似点.图1表1参37     

Evaluating coal bed methane investment in China based on a real options model

In this paper, a real options based binominal lattices model for the investment of coal bed methane (CBM) is conducted. CBM prices and market demand are incorporated into the model as the predominant uncertain factors and it is solved by using the bidimensional binominal lattices approach. Then the model is employed to evaluate the investment in CBM projects in China, and the effect of related policies is analyzed. The empirical results demonstrate that the model can be used to offer a better explanation of why the CBM industry has developed slowly in China from an investment perspective. It is found that the current policy environment is not positive enough to attract investment in the CBM industry. Among various factors, CBM prices yield the most significant effect on stimulating investment in CBM development. Increasing the price subsidy is also an effective policy to stimulate investment and promote the development of the CBM industry in China.     

模拟SO_4~(2-)沉降对河口潮汐湿地甲烷排放通量的影响

2008年每月小潮日原位定期向闽江河口鳝鱼滩咸草(Cyperus malaccensis)潮汐湿地试验样地施加25,50,100kgSO42--S/(hm2·a)的硫酸钠溶液,探讨模拟SO42-酸沉降对河口潮汐湿地甲烷排放通量的影响.结果表明,SO42-酸沉降对于河口潮汐湿地甲烷排放通量基本无抑制作用.添加SO42-室内厌氧培养试验结果显示,虽然SO42-输入对湿地土壤CH4产生量具有一定的抑制作用,但相对对照组,下降幅度仅为8.5%~15.4%.室内添加甲烷产生基质的厌氧培养试验结果表明,非竞争性途径甲烷产生基质(甲醇和三甲胺)的添加可刺激并增加土壤的甲烷产生量,解释了原位施加SO42-对于河口潮汐湿地甲烷排放通量的基本无抑制作用的试验结果.     

Methane dehydroaromatization over Mo-modified H-MFI for gas to liquid catalysts

For direct gas to liquid (GTL),a novel process producing energy sources for methane dehydroaromatization is needed.Supporting MoO3 on H-MFI zeolite shows the high catalytic capacity and a selective activity for dehydroaromatization of methane to benzene at 973 K in a fixed bed reactor.On the other hand,deactivation by coke on the active sites in all the catalysts is formed during the reaction.H2 co-feed suppressed the deactivation,which is probably due to the decrease in coking amount.Mo K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) results showed the formation of dispersed Mo2C species with low crystallinity after dehydroaromatization.Mo L-edge XANES (X-ray absorption near-edge structure) indicated the formation of active Mo species including Mo2C and Mo-oxycarbide (MoOxCy),where the red-ox state should be independent in the absence/presence of H2.It is concluded that Mo-oxycarbide species act as highly active species,and their stability affected the durable activity in the presence of H2.     

Influence of chlorine on methane oxidation

Experiments on CH4/Cl2/O2/N2 oxidation were conducted in an atmospheric pressure flow reactor to understand the influence of chlorine on hydrocarbon oxidation in hazardous waste incineration. The reaction temperature varied from 973 to 1273 K and the chlorine to hydrogen mole ratio (Cl/H) of the inlet mixture varied from 0 to 0.44. The species produced in the reaction were measured online with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). It was found that the destruction and removal e ciency of CH4 increased with Cl/H mole ratio. Increasing Cl/H favored COCl2 and CO formation and inhibited the CO oxidation process. As Cl/H approached 0.44, the concentrations of CH2Cl2 and CH3Cl first increased, and then declined. Reaction temperature greatly a ected the reaction system. Increasing temperatures raised the destruction removal e ciency of CH4 and decreased the concentrations of CH3Cl and CH2Cl2. With a certain ratio of Cl/H, the concentrations of CO and COCl2 first increased and then declined. The CO and COCl2 concentration peak was observed around 1100 K and 1023 K, respectively. When the reaction temperature exceeded 1273 K, carbon in CH4 was mostly converted to CO2. It could be concluded that the presence of chlorine enhanced the destruction of CH4, but resulted in the more toxic incomplete combustion products emission such as COCl2 when the reaction temperature was not high enough.     

水热处理泔脚脱油与产物消化性能变化

水热预处理泔脚废物,测定生物化学甲烷势(BMP),研究废物脱油、水解和消化性能的变化.结果表明,预处理加速废物的溶解和有机物的水解.随着反应温度升高,产物pH 降低,SCOD 和VFA浓度显著升高.150℃、 60 min预处理后,可浮油含量增加并达到较好的分离效果,消化过程在4～6 d内完成,降解速率提高1倍.170℃预处理后4 d生物气产量最高,继续提高温度会降低产物甲烷势.能量衡算分析表明,优化预处理能耗合理.     

乌梁素海湖泊湿地植物区甲烷排放规律

运用静态箱法,对内蒙古乌梁素海不同水位的芦苇群落（Phragmites australis）和龙须眼子菜群落（Potamogeton pectinatus）的甲烷排放通量进行2 a（2003～2004）野外观测.发现龙须眼子菜群落（沉水植物）甲烷平均排放速率为(3.44±1.60) mg·(m²·h)^-1, 仅为芦苇群落（挺水植物）的平均排放速率的21.94%.高水位芦苇的排放速率要大于低水位芦苇群落.芦苇群落的甲烷排放具有明显的季节性和日变化规律,并且5 cm土壤温度和光合有效辐射分别是影响季节性和日变化的主要环境因子.根据观测数据和植物的分布面积,计算得出乌梁素海2003和2004年的甲烷排放量为1 024.6　t和1 156.7　t.     

节水灌溉模式对稻田CH4排放规律的影响

基于水稻节水灌溉技术和密闭静态箱技术田间原位采集甲烷气样,试验研究了水稻节水控制灌溉模式对稻田CH₄排放规律的影响.结果表明,控制灌溉稻田CH₄排放呈现明显的下午极大值型日变化,CH₄排放高峰主要出现在下午13:00,淹水处理CH₄排放峰值在1 d中各个时刻的出现具有一定的随机性.控制灌溉稻田CH₄排放呈现明显的单峰型季节排放规律,排放高峰发生在分蘖前期,比淹水处理提前了10 d.所以,控制灌溉模式在水稻返青期后的水分调控及生产性用水等水管理措施对稻田CH₄排放的影响至关重要.控制灌溉水稻全生育期的稻田CH₄排放总量为24.46 g·m^-2,比淹水稻田减少了39%,平均排放率为7.96 mg·(m²·h)^-1,但返青期和分蘖前期的CH₄平均排放率比淹水稻田高,在以后的各个生育阶段均低于淹水稻田.     

Effect of elevated tropospheric ozone on methane and nitrous oxide emission from rice soil in north India

Physiological changes in crop plants in response to the elevated tropospheric ozone (O₃) may alter N and C cycles in soil. This may also affect the atmosphere-biosphere exchange of radiatively important greenhouse gases (GHGs), e.g. methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) from soil. A study was carried out during July to November of 2007 and 2008 in the experimental farm of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to assess the effects of elevated tropospheric ozone on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice (Oryza sativa L.) soil. Rice crop was grown in open top chambers (OTC) under elevated ozone (EO), non-filtered air (NF), charcoal filtered air (CF) and ambient air (AA). Seasonal mean concentrations of O₃ were 4.3 ± 0.9, 26.2 ± 1.9, 59.1 ± 4.2 and 27.5 ± 2.3 ppb during year 2007 and 5.9 ± 1.1, 37.2 ± 2.5, 69.7 ± 3.9 and 39.2 ± 1.8 ppb during year 2008 for treatments CF, NF, EO and AA, respectively. Cumulative seasonal CH₄ emission reduced by 29.7% and 40.4% under the elevated ozone (EO) compared to the non-filtered air (NF), whereas the emission increased by 21.5% and 16.7% in the charcoal filtered air (CF) in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Cumulative seasonal emission of N₂O ranged from 47.8 mg m⁻² in elevated ozone to 54.6 mg m⁻² in charcoal filtered air in 2007 and from 46.4 to 62.1 mg m⁻² in 2008. Elevated ozone reduced grain yield by 11.3% and 12.4% in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Global warming potential (GWP) per unit of rice yield was the least under elevated ozone levels. Dissolved organic C content of soil was lowest under the elevated ozone treatment. Decrease in availability of substrate i.e., dissolved organic C under elevated ozone resulted in a decline in GHG emissions. Filtration of ozone from ambient air increased grain yield and growth parameters of rice and emission of GHGs.