Predicting Extinction Risk of Brazilian Atlantic Forest Angiosperms

Understanding how plant life history affects species vulnerability to anthropogenic disturbances and environmental change is a major ecological challenge. We examined how vegetation type, growth form, and geographic range size relate to extinction risk throughout the Brazilian Atlantic Forest domain. We used a database containing species‐level information of 6,929 angiosperms within 112 families and a molecular‐based working phylogeny. We used decision trees, standard regression, and phylogenetic regression to explore the relationships between species attributes and extinction risk. We found a significant phylogenetic signal in extinction risk. Vegetation type, growth form, and geographic range size were related to species extinction risk, but the effect of growth form was not evident after phylogeny was controlled for. Species restricted to either rocky outcrops or scrub vegetation on sandy coastal plains exhibited the highest extinction risk among vegetation types, a finding that supports the hypothesis that species adapted to resource‐limited environments are more vulnerable to extinction. Among growth forms, epiphytes were associated with the highest extinction risk in non‐phylogenetic regression models, followed by trees, whereas shrubs and climbers were associated with lower extinction risk. However, the higher extinction risk of epiphytes was not significant after correcting for phylogenetic relatedness. Our findings provide new indicators of extinction risk and insights into the mechanisms governing plant vulnerability to extinction in a highly diverse flora where human disturbances are both frequent and widespread. Predicción del Riesgo de Extinción de Angiospermas del Bosque Atlántico Brasileño     

污水处理厂氮排放特征

为了更好地掌握污水处理厂运行和排放情况，在全国南方、北方分别选取3个省共11个城市122家污水处理厂，于2013年8—10月进行了专项监测。结果表明：75?4％的污水处理厂氨氮出水质量浓度小于2 mg／L，氨氮平均去除率达90?2％，但总氮的平均去除率仅为55?5％，污水处理厂排水中仍存在较多非氨氮形态的氮污染进入环境。氨氮排放达标的污水处理厂中，有约20％的总氮排放未达标。65?5％的污水处理厂出水氨氮占总氮的比例低于10％，而84?4％的污水处理厂进水中氨氮占总氮的比例高于50％。总氮是影响污水处理厂达标排放的主要污染因子。     

反渗透与低温多效法海水淡化工艺在电站应用中的比较

海水淡化是淡水资源紧缺的沿海电厂向海洋获取新鲜淡水的主要方式，目前主要有反渗透膜法和低温多效热法等技术路线。对上述两种技术从工艺、技术经济性等方面进行综合比较，分析各自的优势及存在的不足。最后根据舟山地域特点及地区海水淡化规划，推荐适合舟山电厂的海水淡化技术。     

CFD analysis on the performance of a solar chimney power plant system: Case study in Algeria

The solar chimney power plant (SCPP) is a power generator which uses solar radiation to increase the internal energy of the air circulating in the system, thereby transforming the useful gain of the solar collector into kinetic energy. The produced kinetic energy then can be converted into electrical energy by means of an appropriate turbine. In this paper, four locations in Algeria

(Constantine, Ouargla, Adrar, and Tamanrasset) were considered as case studies to describe the SCPP mechanism in detail. Numerical simulation of an SCPP which has the same geometrical dimensions was performed to estimate the power output of SCPP in these regions. Using the CFD software FLUENT we simulated a two-dimensional axisymmetric model of a SCPP with the standard k-ε turbulence model. The simulation results show that the highest power output produced monthly average value 68–73 KW over the year and the highest hourly power produced in June is around 109–113 KW.     

Process analysis of an industrial waste-to-energy plant: Theory and experiments

Thermal conversion is fundamental in an integrated waste management system due to the capability of reducing mass and volume of waste and recovering energy content from unrecyclable materials. Indeed, power generation from industrial solid wastes (ISW) is a topic of great interest for its appeal in the field of renewable energy production as well as for an increasing public concern related to its emissions. This paper is based on the process engineering and optimization analysis, commissioned to the University Campus-Biomedico of Rome by the MIDA Tecnologie Ambientali S.r.l. enterprise, ended up in the construction of an ISW thermo-conversion plant in Crotone (Southern Italy), where it is nowadays operating. The scientific approach to the process analysis is founded on a novel cascade numerical simulation of each plant section and it has been used initially in the process design step and after to simulate the performances of the industrial plant. In this paper, the plant process scheme is described together with the values of main operating parameters monitored during the experimental test runs. The thermodynamic and kinetic basics of the mathematical model for the simulation of the energy recovery and flue gas treatment sections are presented. Moreover, the simulation results, together with the implemented parameters, are given and compared to the experimental data for 10 specific plant test runs. It was found that the model is capable to predict the process performances in the energy production as well as in the gas treatment sections with high accuracy by knowing a set of measurable input variables. In the paper fundamental plant variables have been considered such as steam temperature, steam flow rate, power generated as well as temperature, flow rate and composition of the resulting flue gas; therefore, the mathematical model can be simply implemented as a reliable and efficient tool for management optimization of this kind of plants.     

石河子燃煤电厂重金属排放研究

选取石河子市典型燃煤电厂,对其燃煤烟气重金属排放浓度及飞灰、底渣、脱硫石膏重金属的富集进行定量分析。结果表明,烟气中各重金属排放浓度从高到低依次为Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、Cu、Hg、Co、Cd、As。各重金属元素在飞灰中的富集程度较高,除Hg、Cd、Ni外,其他重金属元素在飞灰的富集因均值均大于5。其中,As在飞灰的富集因子均值为5.76。研究结果可为石河子重金属污染控制提供基础数据。     

污水处理厂污水和污泥中PAHs的残留及风险研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类极其复杂的有机污染物,衍生物种类较多,1976年美国环保局因其致癌、致畸、致突变将其中的16种列为优先控制污染物。城市污水处理厂作为一个地区污染物迁移和转化的重要媒介,在控制和截断PAHs进入天然水体的过程中扮演着重要的角色。因此,研究污水处理厂中PAHs的浓度水平对于了解和控制PAHs进入天然水体和通过污泥进入到土壤中进而通过食物链危害人类健康具有重要的意义。文章综述了污水处理厂污水和污泥中PAHs的前处理技术、分析方法、浓度水平、生态风险以及国内外污水处理厂污泥土地利用现状。     

广东省药物活性化合物的污染特征及生态风险评价

随着药物活性化合物(PhACs)的大量生产和使用,PhACs已成为环境中的一类新污染物.为了调查PhACs在广东省的污染特征,采集了全广东省21个城市,包括178个乡镇及行政区,共186个污水厂的原始污水.采用全自动固相萃取仪和高效液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱联用仪,分析了污水厂进水中10种典型PhACs的污染水平,全面揭示了PhACs在广东省的空间分布特征,并对PhACs的潜在生态风险进行评价.调查结果表明,全部污水厂均有PhACs检出,各污水厂进水中∑PhACs质量浓度范围为21.00～9 558.25 ng·L^-1,其中美托洛尔、对乙酰氨基酚、苯扎贝特和咖啡因是广东省污水厂进水中的主要污染物.在空间分布上,广东省各区域∑PhACs质量浓度平均值呈现出珠三角>粤北>粤东≈粤西的分布特征.根据污水厂的处理工艺,对∑PhACs质量浓度超过2 500 ng·L^-1的污水厂的出水质量浓度进行估算,并根据估算的出水进行PhACs的生态风险评价.结果表明,广东省PhACs的生态风险较低,苯扎贝特在韶关、江门和深圳呈现出中风险,∑PhACs生态...     

广东大宝山矿区土壤植物体系重金属迁移过程及风险评价

为研究矿区重金属在土壤-植物体系中的分布特征、迁移过程以及生态风险,分析了广东大宝山废弃采矿场地及附近农田的土壤和植物中重金属含量,揭示了重金属从土壤到植物的迁移累积特征,并评价了其生态风险.结果表明,研究区域大部分土壤pH小于5,Cu、Pb及Al等重金属易从土壤中释放并被植物吸收累积.沙溪镇农田Cd污染严重,凡洞废弃采矿场地受Cd、Pb、Cu和As污染严重,存在严重的生态风险.新江镇农田也存在严重的生态风险,Cu、As和Cd是主要的潜在生态风险因子.采集的8种植物大多数重金属含量均高于一般植物,尤其是Al和Fe的含量.植物地上部分10%的BCF和18%的TF值高于1,表明植物吸收的重金属基本累积在根部.废弃矿区乌毛蕨和芒草地上部分重金属含量不高,是重金属耐受规避型植物,具备潜在的土壤重金属污染固定修复能力.农田杂草裸柱菊对Cd表现出较强的富集能力;水稻主要在根部富集As及Cd,属于根部囤积型植物.     

典型超低排放燃煤电厂可凝结颗粒物特征和成因

燃煤电厂排放的可凝结颗粒物（condensable particle matter,CPM）由于其潜在的大气环境影响引起广泛关注,而目前对于燃煤电厂CPM的特征和成因尚不清楚.本研究通过稀释间接法收集了超低排放改造后的典型燃煤电厂石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫（wet flue gas desulfurization,WFGD）入口/出口和湿式静电除尘（wet electrostatic precipitator,WESP）出口位置的CPM,并对其进行重量分析和水溶性离子分析,同时测量了可能的CPM气态前体物浓度.结果表明,烟气中CPM的主要气态前体物为HCl、HNO₃、SO₃和NH₃等.烟气温度降低后,这些气态前体物通过冷凝或化学反应形成CPM.所形成CPM主要化学组分包括SO₄^2-、Cl^-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺等水溶性离子.WFGD和WESP可以降低CPM气态前体物的浓度,进而减少CPM排放,经过WFGD和WESP后CPM浓度的平均下降比例分别为27%和45%.此外,稀释降温后烟气中的SO₃非均相冷凝在已有的颗粒物表面上,导致颗粒物中的SO₄^2-增加,同时Cl^-和NO₃^-减少,致使最终排口处CPM的水溶性离子组分主要为SO₄^2-.