Concentrations,Cumulative Exposure and Critical Levels of Ozone in Ireland

Concentrations of tropospheric ozone(O₃) and exceedance of critical levels to vegetationhave been investigated and mapped for Ireland. Hourlyozone concentration data (1995–1997) at 7 sevenmonitoring stations and the CORINE landcover database,supported by a Geographical Information System, wereused. AOT40 (Accumulated exposure Over a Threshold of 40ppb) was calculated for daylight hours for each station,and mapped using surface interpolation. Average O₃concentrations vary from year to year, and were estimatedto be 28 ppb, 26 ppb and 24 ppb for 1995, 1996 and 1997respectively. Ozone concentrations show a large diurnalvariation, with a maximum in the afternoon and a minimumat night-time. The critical level for crops and (semi-)natural vegetation was exceeded in all years examined.The highest exceedance occurred in 1995, where thecritical level was exceeded for almost 35% of the mappedarea. Approximately 15% and 1% of the mapped area wasexposed to exceedance levels during 1996 and 1997respectively. The maximum cumulative exposures (AOT40)were approximately 5000, 3890 and 3230 ppbh in 1995, 1996and 1997 respectively. The critical level for forests wasnot exceeded during the period of investigation.     

基于MODIS数据的洞庭湖水体面积与多站点水位相关关系研究

针对洞庭湖区，以30 m分辨率的环境减灾卫星CCD影像为参考，对比分析了归一化差异植被指数（NDVI）和比值植被指数（RVI）应用于MODIS遥感影像水体面积提取的优缺点。研究发现，选取NDVI并且赋予各月份各自适应的阈值进行水体面积提取，有效避免了采取单一阈值造成的枯水期水体误提以及丰水期水体漏提问题。将提取湖区面积与相应日期水位数据组成水位 面积组，建立湖区面积 水位相关关系。考虑到建立湖区面积与单一水文站点水位间相关关系存在一定空间不合理性，选取逐步多元回归法建立2003~2006年湖区面积与多站点水位间相关关系。结果表明：在高水位和低水位处，洞庭湖面积 水位关系年际间变化不太明显，但在中等水位处（如24~29 m），湖区面积 水位关系有比较明显的变化，同一水位处湖区面积有逐年减小的趋势。     

Adapting a holistic approach to flood management in the Hawkesbury–Nepean region: complexities and perceptions of the agencies involved

This paper looks into the complexity of managing flood risks in the Hawkesbury–Nepean catchment, Australia. Several aspects are explored: (1) the complexities created by the way different agencies are involved in assessing flood risks; (2) different perceptions on acceptable flood risk level; (3) community engagement in defining acceptable flood risk level; (4) views on a holistic flood risk management plan; and (5) challenges of a centralised information system. This study concludes that the complexity of managing a large catchment is exacerbated by the difference in the way professionals perceive the problem. This has led to (1) different standards for acceptable risks; (2) inconsistent attempt to set up a regional-scale flood management plan beyond the jurisdictional boundaries; (3) absence of a regional-scale agency with licence to share and update information; and (d) lack of forums for dialogue with insurance companies to ensure an integrated approach to flood management.     

湿法烟气脱硫反应过程的实验研究

在石灰石/石膏湿法烟气脱硫中试台上,系统开展了浆液pH值、飞灰浓度、液气比、入口SO2浓度、烟气速度和氧化方式等对脱硫反应过程影响的实验研究。实验表明,脱硫效率随着石膏浆液pH值、液气比的升高而增加,且入口SO2浓度越高,液气比越低,影响效应越明显;脱硫效率随着烟气速度、烟气温度和入口SO2浓度的增加而下降;石膏浆液中飞灰含量对系统脱硫效率具有一定的促进作用:pH值>5.6,飞灰浸出液中Fe3+含量相对较低,Fe3+对脱硫反应过渡态催化氧化影响程度较轻,不同工况脱硫效率差别不大。pH值<5.6,飞灰浸出液中Fe3+含量随pH值降低而增大,增效效果逐渐显著;氧化方式对脱硫反应过程有明显的影响,强制氧化工艺的脱硫效率比自然氧化的高5%左右。     

成都地区室内环境氡浓度和g辐射水平调查

采用固体核径迹法和热释光剂量计,对成都市不同建造年代、建筑类型、建筑结构、建筑材料以及楼层的100间居室进行了室内环境氡浓度和辐射水平的测量.调查结果表明:成都市居室环境中氡浓度范围为(8.4~177.1)Bq/m3,算术平均值为(39.5±22.9)Bq/m3,低于世界平均水平;辐射水平的范围为(74.7~164.7)nSv/h,算术平均值为(122.0±16.2)nSv/h,与室内氡浓度无相关性.不同建筑年代、建筑类型、建筑楼层和建筑材料的房屋室内环境氡浓度水平有显著差异.室内环境氡及其子体和辐射照射所致公众的平均年有效剂量分别为0.99mSv和0.85mSv.     

淀山湖水、沉积物和鱼体中的合成麝香及人体暴露评估

合成麝香是一类"类持久性"有机污染物,研究其在城市近郊湖泊的污染变化,可以更好地了解生活污染源对湖泊水环境的影响特点,为湖泊水环境研究积累更多基础数据.研究了上海近郊淀山湖水体、沉积物和鱼体中合成麝香的污染状况及其人体的暴露状况.结果表明,佳乐麝香(HHCB)是表层水和沉积物中的主要合成麝香类污染物,平均浓度为11.9 ng·L-1和0.98 ng·g-1干重.合成麝香在淀山湖野生鱼体中也有存在,主要污染物HHCB的中值浓度为122 ng·g-1脂重.淀山湖水环境的整体污染水平不高.表层水的合成麝香污染受到采样时间影响较明显,7月丰水期的表层水浓度偏低(Mann-Whitney U检验,p=0.000,p0.05);沉积物浓度随采样时间的变化并不十分明显.淀山湖进水区域采样点的污染程度普遍高于出水区域.淀山湖沉积物的HHCB浓度远小于底栖生物的无观察效应浓度(no observed effect concentration).经食物摄入(饮食、饮水)途径暴露的合成麝香量仅为0.90 ng·d-1·kg-1体重,显著低于因个人护理用品使用产生的皮肤暴露量.淀山湖水环境已受到合成麝香的影响,但污染水平较低,生态风险和健康影响很小.     

石油污染土壤微生物群落结构与分布特性研究

针对污染胁迫下土壤微生物群落结构与分布问题,基于PCR-DGGE分析与系统发育树等现代分子生物学分析方法,探讨典型油田区石油污染土壤微生物群落结构特征,污染水平与微生物群落分布的关系.结果表明,污染土壤石油含量的差异是造成微生物群落结构相似度差异的主要因素;微生物群落结构相似性指数与土壤石油污染水平具有显著相关性;随着土壤污染程度的增加,微生物群落的均匀度指数降低,菌属分布不均匀,表现出土壤微生物群落结构和种属的污染胁迫与分异现象;石油污染土壤中存在明显的优势菌属:Gulosibacter、Halomonas、Petrobacter、Methylocystis、Pseudoalteromonas.本研究结果为认识石油污染土壤微生物特性提供基础.     

浅谈环境监测数据的三级质量审核管理

本文较为全面介绍了三明市环境监测站监测数据处理及数据三级审核质量控制管理方法。     

黄土丘陵区侵蚀坡面土壤微生物量碳时空动态及影响因素

以黄土丘陵区具有典型侵蚀和沉积部位的5个有机碳水平的侵蚀坡面为对象,通过对雨季土壤微生物量碳的研究,辨析了侵蚀-沉积条件下坡面土壤微生物量碳时空变化的影响因素及影响程度.结果表明：①土壤侵蚀导致坡面侵蚀-沉积区土壤温湿度、有机碳含量出现明显的时空分异,分异程度与土壤有机碳水平有关;②雨季末土壤微生物量碳相比雨季前显著增加,增幅可达91.08%~286.83%.坡面沉积区土壤微生物量碳含量大于侵蚀区,随着土壤有机碳水平升高,侵蚀-沉积区土壤微生物量碳含量差增大,空间分异加剧;③坡面侵蚀-沉积区土壤微生物量碳对土壤有机碳含量、温度、湿度等因素的敏感程度不同,雨季前土壤微生物量碳对土壤湿度变化最敏感,而雨季末沉积区土壤微生物量碳对土壤温度变化最敏感,在侵蚀区对土壤有机碳变化更为敏感.土壤侵蚀和季节变化是导致坡面土壤微生物量碳时空分布差异的重要原因,土壤微生物量碳对影响因素的敏感性差异主要是不同时空条件下限制性要素的转换所致.     

A Simple and Flexible Risk Assessment Method in the Work Environment

The existing risk assessment models in the work environment (on the basis of Standard No. BS 8800:1996; British Standards Institution, 1996) contain the need to determine the probability of the occurrence and the severity of consequences of the influence of hazardous factors on the worker. The determination of the probabilities of the influence of hazards (noise, vibration, chemicals, etc.) is complicated.

The authors of this article have developed a simple risk assessment method that does not contain the probabilities. The method is based on a 2-step model that could be enlarged into a 6-step model.

The implementation possibilities of the model are presented. The existing norms in the work environment in Estonia were analysed and the safety level of a wood-processing factory was determined.