半导体器件失效案例统计与综合分析

电子元器件是电子产品最基本的组成部分,而半导体器件通常又是关键与核心器件;半导体器件失效数占电子元器件总失效数的一半以上。本文针对半导体器件的失效案例进行筛选、汇总,按照失效类别、失效模式和失效原因进行分类统计,并对统计数据进行分析;其结果可以为从事元器件质量管理、元器件研制、采购和整机设计人员在元器件研制、采购、试验、选用和使用等全过程控制半导体器件失效提供重要的参考数据。     

不明水质污染事故排查案例分析

南京市六合区通江河发生大面积水质变浑浊现象，污染来源不明，直接进入长江，威胁下游饮用水安全。通过不断调整污染筛查方案，最终锁定污染因子及污染源头，为有效应对措施提供了科学准确的监测数据。通过此次事故得到启示，因为环境事故的复杂性，对监测人员的综合分析判断能力提出了新的更高的要求。     

环保设备买卖合同的法律风险防范——以卖方为视角

结合有关案例,探讨了作为卖方的环保企业在签订环保设备买卖合同时,涉及协商谈判、内容签订、合同履行等应注意的法律风险问题,以及防范和应对风险的措施。     

Effective rates of heavy metal release from alkaline wastes--quantified by column outflow experiments and inverse simulations

Column outflow experiments operated at steady state flow conditions do not allow the identification of rate limited release processes. This requires an alternative experimental methodology. In this study, the aim was to apply such a methodology in order to identify and quantify effective release rates of heavy metals from granular wastes. Column experiments were conducted with demolition waste and municipal waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash using different flow velocities and multiple flow interruptions. The effluent was analyzed for heavy metals, DOC, electrical conductivity and pH. The breakthrough-curves were inversely modeled with a numerical code based on the advection–dispersion equation with first order mass-transfer and nonlinear interaction terms. Chromium, Copper, Nickel and Arsenic are usually released under non-equilibrium conditions. DOC might play a role as carrier for those trace metals. By inverse simulations, generally good model fits are derived. Although some parameters are correlated and some model deficiencies can be revealed, we are able to deduce physically reasonable release-mass-transfer time scales. Applying forward simulations, the parameter space with equifinal parameter sets was delineated. The results demonstrate that the presented experimental design is capable of identifying and quantifying non-equilibrium conditions. They show also that the possibility of rate limited release must not be neglected in release and transport studies involving inorganic contaminants.     

People matter: The importance of social capital in the co-management of natural resources

Co‐management involves the shared administration of natural resources by two or more parties. This study examines the role of social capital in the process of developing co‐management in three river corridors in Canada. Qualitative analysis reveals that social capital acts as a catalyst helping groups to progress through the stages of the co‐management process. Forms of social capital (bridging and bonding) are identified that advance and/or inhibit the development of co‐management. The article reaffirms the need to expand the institutional basis for natural resource management and provides empirical evidence that social capital plays a fundamental role in developing co‐management. In conclusion, the article suggests that resource agencies need to recognize the value of social capital and the necessity for government representatives to be informed of and practiced in these skills, if they are to engage meaningfully with the civilian population.     

浅析环境监测对环境执法的案源保障作用

环境监测为环保行政执法提供的案源主要来自对企业监督性监测、在线监测、建设项目竣工验收监测、放射性及固废监测等过程.需从违法主体是否存在、违法事实是否清楚、法律依据是否充分、监测数据是否科学准确等方面,来保障案源的有效性.     

基于特定场地污染概念模型的健康风险评估案例研究

对某有机化工厂地下水下游方向拟建设的地铁站所在区域土壤及地下水开展污染调查,结果表明,拟建地铁站区域深层土壤及地下水均被1,2-二氯乙烷污染,其中,土壤样品最高浓度104.08 mg·kg-1,位于地表以下8.6 m深处;地下水样品最高浓度18 500μg·L-1.污染主要由位于上游的有机化工厂生产排污所致.本研究依据调查结果并结合地铁站的特殊结构设计构建了该场地特定的污染概念模型,推导了相应的风险计算公式用于计算站内人员的健康风险,并与基于通用污染概念模型建立的风险计算公式的评价结果进行比较.两种模型计算结果均表明该区域土壤及地下水中污染对未来地铁站工作人员造成的致癌风险将远高于目前普遍接受的风险水平(1×10-6),但前者计算的土壤和地下水对未来地铁工作人员造成的致癌风险要比后者分别高2倍和1.5倍.由此可见,对于具体的场地评价项目,应考虑场地的污染特性及未来建筑的结构特性对现有评估模型进行修正后进行健康风险评估,以避免因直接套用现有导则中的计算模型使最终评估结果偏离客观实际.     

泵群无线监测系统在石化装置中的应用

介绍了机泵无线监测系统的系统架构、监测方案,并结合具体诊断案例详细说明了其在某千万吨级炼化企业的应用情况。结果表明,该系统能准确评估机泵运行状态,并及时发布报警提示和维护建议,使用该系统事后维修占比由41%降到了15%,预知性维修由不足10%上升到近50%。     

相似案例比对法在空气质量精细化预报中的应用

2018年首届中国国际进口博览会期间,为开展精细化的空气质量保障预报,以2015年11月13-16日为相似案例,与2018年11月8-11日上海地区的天气要素和PM2.5浓度变化进行相似性分析。结果显示,2个案例中地表压强、地表温度、相对湿度、混合层高度和风向5项主要天气要素的相关系数为0. 66~0. 93,相似离度为0. 09~0. 26,PM2.5浓度的相关系数达0. 8左右,相似离度为0. 2。针对2015年案例的污染过程分析,不仅为2018年案例中的污染时段预报提供了参考,也为空气质量保障工作的管控决策提供了支持。     

Limits of monetization in protecting ecosystem services

The monetary valuation of ecosystem services is gaining traction in policy and business communities. Several tools and decision‐making processes have been proposed, including criteria to assess the appropriateness of using monetary valuation for biodiversity conservation outcomes. These criteria include measures such as scale, uniqueness, and threat. We used case studies of monetization projects for which the outcomes were measured to explore the limitations and application of these criteria. There was limited evidence of the effectiveness of such schemes. The majority of the schemes were established in areas where the criteria specifically excluded their use in isolation. Thus, although some aspects of monetization may be beneficial for biodiversity conservation, these schemes were not being used appropriately and require some quantitative minimum (or maximum) measurements to be applied through additional policy or governance measures to ensure biodiversity conservation outcomes.