天山北坡城市群碳储量时空变化及预测研究

为了有效评估城市群碳储量变化,以天山北坡城市群为研究对象,运用PLUS模型和InVEST模型,动态评估2000~2020年及2030年不同情景下土地利用变化及碳储量变化特征.结果表明,2000~2020年天山北坡城市群碳储量呈现持续增加趋势,且碳储量变化与土地利用变化密切相关,主要表现为2000~2010年林地面积的减少导致其碳储量减少约266×10⁶t,2010~2020年草地面积的增加使其碳储量增加约69.14×10⁶t.2030年自然发展情景、生态保护情景和经济快速发展情景下碳储量预测值分别为8875.88×10⁶t、8895.58×10⁶t和8841.58×10⁶t;经济快速发展情景下碳储量最低,生态保护情景下碳储量最高.土地利用是影响碳储量空间变化分布的第一主导因素,贡献率接近于90%,土地利用强度与碳储量协调性分析与两者双变量空间自相关分析进一步验证了这一结论.土地利用变化在一定程度上能够对碳储量产生积极影响,对于本研究区而言,生态保护发展情景可能更符合未来城市发展模式,研究结果能够为土地利用规划提供参考.     

辽河下游CDOM吸收与荧光特性的季节变化研究

有色溶解有机物(CDOM)是一类广泛分布于水体中的溶解有机物(DOM),是水环境中最大的溶解有机碳贮库.辽河是中国七大河流之一,年径流量为14.8亿m3,因此对于辽河CDOM的研究对辽河有机碳通量的估算具有重要意义.基于吸收光谱和荧光光谱分析了不同季节辽河下游河流中CDOM的光学特性.通过分析CDOM的吸收光谱及斜率(S)得到春季水样CDOM在355 nm的吸收系数[aCDOM(355)]低于秋季和冬季;秋季CDOM的分子量要小于冬季和春季,而春季CDOM的分子量大于秋、冬季.通过对比分析3期荧光强度及各荧光峰(类腐殖酸荧光峰,峰A、峰C;类蛋白质荧光峰,峰B、峰T),发现辽河下游水体CDOM的荧光特性表现明显的季节性,而且都表现出较强的类蛋白质荧光峰(峰B和峰T).春季的两个类腐殖质荧光之间以及秋、冬季两个类蛋白质荧光之间均存在很强的相关性(R2>0.9),说明来源或性质相同.春季CDOM的两个类蛋白质荧光峰的相关性较差(R2=0.21),反映了其组分的复杂性和来源的多样性;春季水体显现出较强的类腐殖酸荧光峰,说明外源输入是春季水体CDOM中类腐殖酸成分的主要来源.另外,本研究将aCDOM(355)和Fn(355)进行分析发现冬季两者相关性最好(R2=0.75),秋季次之(R2=0.48),冬季结果较不理想(R2=0.01).通过荧光峰值与CDOM浓度之间的相关分析可以得到荧光峰B是秋、冬季CDOM荧光的主要控制发光基团(R=0.66;R=0.89),而春季CDOM的类腐殖酸荧光(峰A和峰C)表现比较突出(R=0.74;R=0.82).     

岩溶山地土壤氧化铁形态及其与成土环境的关系

土壤氧化铁的数量和形态是成土过程和成土环境的反映.以重庆金佛山为研究对象,采用化学选择溶解法,分析了岩溶山地土壤铁氧化物数量与形态,并探讨了氧化铁数量、形态与成土环境、岩溶环境退化和石漠化发生发展的关系.结果表明,山顶区与坡腰区全铁含量差异大,山顶土壤全铁51.49 g.kg-1,坡腰区全铁含量86.29 g.kg-1,土壤全铁主要受母质影响.山顶区气温低,土壤发育程度弱,黏粒游离铁含量低（29.16 g.kg-1）,黏粒部分铁的游离度小（35.40%）;坡腰区气温高,土壤风化程度较深,黏粒游离铁含量高（43.92 g.kg-1）,黏粒铁的游离度高（60.41%）.山顶区低温潮湿,土壤有机质含量高,铁的活化度和络合度高（73.51%和17.21%）,显著高于坡腰区（13.06%和0.41%）.在坡腰区,灌丛马尾松退化或转化为旱地后,土壤有机质含量下降,黏粒流失,游离铁有伴随黏粒迁移的趋势,使土壤全铁和黏粒游离铁减少;灌丛马尾松土壤全铁98.25g.kg-1,坡耕地84.52 g.kg-1;灌丛马尾松黏粒游离铁50.81 g.kg-1,坡耕地47.86 g.kg-1.土壤铁氧化物数量与形态可以表征岩溶环境退化及石漠化发生发展状况.     

干流倒灌异重流对香溪河库湾营养盐的补给作用

三峡水库蓄水以来,其支流库湾每年均暴发严重的春季水华.为研究三峡水库支流营养盐受干流的逆向影响,于2010年对三峡水库库首区域最大的支流香溪河库湾水流特点及总氮、总磷的时空动态分布进行了详细监测.研究发现库湾水体表现为分层异向流动,存在明显的倒灌异重流现象,分别以表、中、底3种形式倒灌入香溪河库湾;特定的水流特性为库湾营养物质的运输提供了水动力基础,香溪河河口处由干流倒灌输入总氮、总磷的平均瞬时通量分别为501.92 g.s-1、48.17 g.s-1,在2010年干流倒灌输入香溪河库湾的总氮、总磷污染负荷分别占总量的43.4%、21.5%.结果表明,倒灌输入的总氮、总磷占有很大的比例,同时加强三峡水库支流及干流上游流域污染控制才是有效控制支流水华发生的根本途径.     

支持向量机在边坡稳定性预测中的应用

针对离子型稀土原地浸矿边坡稳定性问题的小样本、非线性等特点,采用一种边坡稳定性预测模型——支持向量机(SVM)模型,分别使用网格参数寻优、遗传算法(GA)参数寻优、粒子群(PSO)寻优算法来计算SVM模型的参数,分析比较3种算法得到的参数,确定最适合离子型稀土原地浸矿边坡稳定性预测的SVM回归模型的参数寻优算法。     

坡度对跨座式单轨隧道临界风速的影响

为研究不同坡度隧道在大功率火源情况下的烟气运动,采用1∶20的缩尺隧道模型,通过试验对不同坡度情况下(-6%,-3%,0%,3%,6%)的大火源功率火灾(20,50 MW)时的隧道纵向通风临界风速进行研究。结果表明:0%坡度时,20 MW和50 MW的临界风速相差不大;有坡度时,逆坡送风的临界风速大于顺坡送风的临界风速。根据试验结果拟合得出大火源功率(20,50 MW)条件下坡度为-6%至6%时的临界风速与坡度的关系,并对前人提出的坡度与临界风速的关系式进行修正。     

陡坡地集流聚肥梯田技术的应用

本文根据径流农业和水土保持综合治理的基本原理,以及对辽西部陡坡地资源的调查研究,介绍了陡坡地集流聚肥梯田的内涵,集流,集流效果及其优化设计参数的确定。     

Impact of mining industries on the groundwater level fluctuation in Singrauli coalfield area by using remote sensing and GIS,India

The coal mining industries influence hydro-geological parameters, which affect the aquifer recharge in the coal mining areas. This research aimed to evaluate the impact of various hydro-geological parameters on fluctuation of groundwater level in the study area. The various hydro-geological parameters such as soil, geology, drainage pattern, elevation and slope have been considered to accomplish the objective. A comparative analysis was performed by comparing the groundwater level fluctuation (WLF) map with the GIS-based various hydro-geological parameter maps to assess the combined influence of different hydro-geological parameters on groundwater level fluctuation. A total of eighty-six (86) dug-wells were chosen to monitor the level of the groundwater for around ten blocks of Singrauli coalfield, and these wells were examined during the months of dry and wet seasons for 2016. Based on the comparative analysis between the WLF map and thematic maps of various hydro-geological parameters, it has been found that WLF in the south-western and some portions of the north-eastern showed moderate to a higher value. This may be because most of the non-hilly areas come under gentle to moderate slope category, with lower elevation in the area forming the suitable hydro-geological condition for recharging groundwater. It was observed that the northwest, south-east and central part of the study area showed lower WLF, which may be due to the presence of overburden dump, presence of higher elevation and steep slope. Thus, the combined effect of slope, elevation, geology, drainage and mining activities on the WLF in the study region is moderate.     

Effects of drawdown scenario on retrogressive lateral erosion in a reservoir

The drawdown of reservoirs behind dams is an important management strategy (e.g., for removal of aging infrastructure, flushing of sediment), and an opportunity to study erosional processes. A numerical model was developed to examine retrogressive bank erosion across reservoir drawdown scenarios and to evaluate factors controlling the rate, volume, and mechanisms of lateral erosion. Modeled processes included dynamic drawdown of groundwater, sequential slope failures via limit equilibrium analysis, and retrogression considering stress interaction between failing blocks. Field measurements were coupled with Staged, Slow, and Rapid drawdown scenarios. Results highlight the importance of including retrogression as an avenue for lateral erosion, as sequential block failures were found to occur in all scenarios except Slow drawdown. This result indicates that bank stability models without some means of characterizing the evolution of slope failure during drawdown are likely underestimating bank failure rates and volumes. In contrast, dynamic groundwater was not found to be a dominant control for any drawdown scenario. Model results also demonstrate that the drawdown increment is a first-order control on slope instability via the development of drained or undrained conditions. A majority of failures occurred under undrained conditions. To maximize slope stability, using slow drawdown to activate internal friction under drained conditions is essential. The design of the drawdown rate created a tradeoff between the amount of impact created and when the impact is produced. The study also articulated the need for coupling models and field observations for rapidly changing systems.     

山谷地带城市冷热岛及其影响初探

本文利用华北某城市现场实测资料,对实测到的谷地上空“冷岛"的形成机制进行了研究,借助于二维数值模拟,分析了城市冷热岛对山谷地带坡风环流和污染物浓度分布的影响。结果表明:城市热岛在晚间出现则可以加速坡风环流,加之逆温层存在,不利于污染物输送;白天冷岛的出现,加强坡风环流,有利于污染物的扩散和输送。