和田河年径流变化规律研究

根据和田河实测年径流资料,应用小波分析、R/S分析等多种方法,探讨了在气候变化和人类活动影响下,和田河年径流变化规律及其成因。结果表明,和田河年径流存在减少趋势,且具有一定的持续性。通过径流变化的影响因素分析表明,上游出山口处两支流的径流变化主要受气温升高的影响,下游入塔里木河处除受降水减少的影响外,主要是由于人类对水土资源开发进程的加快,人类活动是其径流变化的主要原因。     

气候变化及人类活动影响下的潮白河月水量平衡模拟

尽管分布式水文模型已有30多年的发展历史,但是迄今的应用还只是其潜力的很少一部分。Freeze-Harlan蓝图中由于理论上的深化带来了应用上的困难,同时也指出模型并不是越复杂越好。按照科学的建模原则,建立了一个简单的分布式月水量平衡模型(DTVGM);其中通过引入土壤湿度因子,改进后的Bagrov模型同时考虑了前期土壤湿度与降水对蒸散(发)的贡献;通过设置人类活动影响背景参数集,表述人类活动对水文过程的影响。将DTVGM月模型应用于华北地区密云水库以上潮白河流域,识别出白河流域气候变化对径流减少的贡献为44%,人类活动导致下垫面变化对径流减少的影响达54%;潮河流域气候变化的贡献率为24%,而人类活动的贡献率高达74%,是导致径流减少的主要原因。     

全球气候变化框架公约执行中的协商性谈判探讨

1992年联合国通过了《联合国气候变化框架公约》。在同年6月地球首脑会议上,155个国家签署了该公约。随着公约内容的具体化,围绕缔约国之间控制温室气体排放这个主议题,将展开政治、经济、法律、环境诸方面的分工协作以控制全球气候的变化。因此有必要在多边谈判和实施公约的工作中,讨论协商性谈判问题。本文探讨了该问题并就协商性谈判提出一些原则性建议。     

二万年来长江中下游自然环境变迁及其发展趋向探讨

20000～15000a.B.P.间气候最冷,生长喜冷的针叶林和干旱草原植被.在14780±700a.B.P.出现了最低海面(-154m);15000～13500a.B.P.,气候较暖湿,海面上升,生长阔叶混交林;13500～10500a.B.P.,气候有2次温暖和3次较冷,在暖期生长针阔叶混交林.较冷期则出现森林草原和草原.最低的温度比现在低5～7;一万多年来的冰后期,气候变化分为5个新冰期(包括小冰期)和5个新高温期(包括小气候最宜期).最高气温比现在高2～3℃,出现在5000～4000a.B.P.之间;最低温度比现在低3～5℃最高海面在6500～6300a.B.P.,高出现在海面4～5m.在温暖期中生长常绿一落叶阔叶林中亚热带针阔混交林;在较冷期间,生长落叶阔叶林,针叶林或草原草地.在人类影响或自然发展之结果,未来环境变化有可能向干暖气候和高海面演变,或向干冷气候和海面下降转变.这些变化将对长江中下游带来意外的灾难.     

Temporal changes in Ohio amniocentesis utilization during the first twelve years (1972–1983), and frequency of chromosome abnormalities observed

The history of amniocentesis utilization in the seventh largest state of the United States is documented from its inception in 1972 through the first half of 1984. Amniocentesis utilization ratios for Ohio residents aged ⩾35 have increased from 0.21 per cent (19/9091) in 1972 to 23.4 per cent (1655/7531) in 1983, representing an average annual growth rate of 43.1 per cent. Of the amniocenteses performed from January 1, 1978–July 1, 1984, 71 per cent were referred for advanced maternal age (⩾35), 15 per cent for maternal anxiety (30–34), 10 per cent for family history or previous child with a genetic defect, and 4 per cent for other reasons. Between 1978-1983 utilization by women 45 years of age was only 20 per cent higher than women 35 even though their risk of giving birth to a Down syndrome child was about one order of magnitude higher. In addition, various factors were tested as to whether they affected utilization of amniocentesis by women ⩾35 during 1978 1983. A strong correlation of +0.89 existed between county population size and utilization ratios. No difference in utilization was found between whites and nonwhites, regardless of county population size. When utilization ratios were compared separately between Protestants, Catholics and other religions in Ohio's most populated county, no statistical differences were found. From 1978–July 1, 1984, the frequency of all cytogenetically abnormal chromosome results observed in Ohio amniocenteses to women ⩾35 was 2.48 per cent (187/7536). Of these, 2.15 per cent (162/7536) had unbalanced karyotypes. Future maximum amniocentesis utilization for women ⩾35 is estimated at 60–70 per cent.     

浙西山地马尾松林分针叶量的动态变化及其遥感监测

介绍了一种运用陆地卫星ＴＭ数据监测马尾松林分针叶量及其变化的方法，只要由森林资源清查数据建立起林分资源信息库后，就可通过监测年份卫星数据与背景数据的比较，初步了解森林的健康状况。并通过宏观的监测结果，森防人员根据多年的经验就可预测发展趋势，制定出相应的防治策略，进而实现宏观监测和预测森林病虫害的目的。     

崇明东滩候鸟自然保护区的动态变化

在８０年代末期的鸟类及其生境调查研究基础上，正式提出拟建的上海市崇明东滩候鸟自然保护区，５年来随着滩涂的游涨及９０年代初期人工围垦的影响，滩涂自然植被和鸟类的种类，数量，分布也随之有了相应的相应的动态变化。该文在新的调查资料基础上，对崇明东滩鸟类赖以生存地自然植被恢复，候鸟食料的容量分析等作了研究；同时，还论述了崇明候鸟自然保护区的界线范围及其动态变化，以及保护区内部３个功能小区的动态等。     

南京市大气PM2.5时空分布特征与潜在源区贡献分析

对2017年南京市区7个自动空气质量监测点的PM_(2.5)质量浓度ρ(PM_(2.5))数据进行分析,采用克里金(Kringing)空间插值法、气流运动轨迹聚类、潜在源贡献因子法(PSCF)和浓度权重轨迹分析法(CWT)探讨了四季大气中ρ(PM_(2.5))的时空分布特征和潜在来源。结果显示,四季大气中ρ(PM_(2.5))均值由高到低依次为冬季(65. 54μg/m~3)、春季(41. 70μg/m~3)、秋季(35. 18μg/m~3)和夏季(23. 56μg/m~3),秦淮区四季大气中ρ(PM_(2.5))均最高。春季南京大气中ρ(PM_(2.5))易受黄海海岸和北方大陆性输送气流的影响,来自黄海方向的气流轨迹2贡献比例达51. 65%,对应的ρ(PM_(2.5))为50. 91μg/m~3;夏季南京大气中ρ(PM_(2.5))主要受江苏、东部海洋和南部沿海城市输送气流的影响,其中源自江苏的气流轨迹1对南京大气PM_(2.5)贡献比例最大(33. 64%),气流轨迹对应的ρ(PM_(2.5))为35μg/m~3;秋季南京大气中ρ(PM_(2.5))易受短距离的偏北气流影响,来自山西南部,河南中部、安徽中部的气流轨迹5对应的ρ(PM_(2.5))最高,出现概率(21. 11%)和贡献比例(27. 81%)均较高;冬季南京大气中ρ(PM_(2.5))主要受北方大陆性输送气流影响,来自俄罗斯、蒙古国东部、河北北部、北京、天津、山东中部的长距离气流轨迹4对应的ρ(PM_(2.5))最高,达109. 8μg/m~3,其贡献比例为26. 86%。PSCF和CWT分析发现,安徽、山东、浙江与江苏交界和黄海海岸是影响南京市空气质量的主要潜在源区,此外,湖北、北京、天津以及渤海海岸也是南京大气PM_(2.5)的潜在源区。     

The three-year monitoring of 18 elements in five edible mushroom species collected from an old orchard

Abstract

The content of Al, As, Be, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in fruiting bodies of edible mushrooms Calocybe gambosa, Entoloma clypeatum, Entoloma saepium, Xerocomellus chrysenteron, and Amanita rubescens growing in an orchard planted with fruit trees and situated close to a high-grown forest was studied during years 2016–2018. A. rubescens showed the highest potential of the element accumulation with bioconcentration factors of 48.5, 16.2, 7.80, 6.53, 1.75, and 1.68 obtained for Rb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Sr, and Mg, respectively. Both Entoloma species accumulated the elements similarly with bioconcentration factors >1.0 obtained for Rb, Cu, Cd, and Mg. Bioconcentration factors <0.05 were obtained for Al, Cr, Fe, and Pb in all studied species. The contents of beryllium (<0.1?mg/kg dry matter) were always the lowest among the studied elements. The contents of some elements of studied mushroom species significantly fluctuated over the years. Despite the fact that some studied elements (As, Be, Cd, Pb, Ni) are considerably toxic for humans, the pronounced effect on health is not expected if the studied mushroom species are consumed occasionally and do not represent the main component of the diet.     

一个新型水稻不育突变体91FS受精卵发育的时间和空间表达

水稻 91FS是一个稳定遗传的籼粳型不育突变体 ,大约 2 5 %的受精卵能正常发育成胚 ,约 75 %的受精卵核仁不融合 ,受精卵不再分裂 ,导致不育和不结实 ,育性六代稳定遗传 ,受精卵致死时空位点发生在精细胞进入卵细胞完成受精作用后。开花前后 ,91FS、籼粳杂种可育材料 91FM和以 91FS为父本的杂种F1代的花药、颖壳、叶片和子房的可溶性蛋白质SDS PAGE和IEF/SDS PAGE分析表明 ,91FS、91FM和F1代的蛋白质谱带多代保持稳定 ,3个材料间蛋白质谱带的异同 ,既表明了它们在遗传和发育上的某些共同功能和相互关系 ,又表明不同品种、器官和组织在遗传和发育上的某些特异性 ;91FS的子房在开花 1～ 2天 ,具有一条Mr=15 8.5× 10 3 的特有蛋白带 ,结合 91FS受精卵发育的细胞学和胚胎学时空定位 ,表明它们极有可能与 91FS稳定遗传的受精卵发育的时间和空间表达有关 .图 4表 1参 16