基于实测光谱与MODIS数据的太湖悬浮物定量估测

以太湖为研究区域,对太湖水体的水面反射光谱进行实地测试,并取样在实验室进行水质分析;根据光谱分析得到的悬浮物特征波段,估测悬浮物浓度;最后,对比MODIS波段,用最敏感波段及主成分分析法建立悬浮物估测模型.结果表明,576nm附近的反射率峰值、841nm处反射率一阶微分值和808nm附近的反射峰高与悬浮物浓度都有较好的相关性,其中峰高法和一阶微分法对悬浮物浓度的估测精度相当;MODIS波段1与悬浮物浓度相关性最好,经过主成分变化后的第一主成分和第二主成分可以较好地估测悬浮物浓度.因此,可利用MODIS数据对太湖悬浮物进行长期动态监测.     

Isomer distribution of nitrotriphenylenes in airborne particles, diesel exhaust particles, and the products of gas-phase radical-initiated nitration of triphenylene

The formation of mutagenic nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) 1- and 2-nitrotriphenylene (1- and 2-NTP) via gas-phase OH or NO₃ radical-initiated reactions of triphenylene was demonstrated for the first time using a flow reaction system. In contrast with the results of conventional electrophilic nitration, 2-NTP was formed in larger yield than 1-NTP, but this is consistent with the mechanism proposed for gas-phase radical-initiated nitration of PAH. In diesel exhaust particle (DEP) samples, both 1- and 2-NTP were identified and their concentrations determined, as well as 1-nitropyrene (1-NP), which is a representative combustion-derived NPAH: the mean concentrations of 1-NTP, 2-NTP, and 1-NP were 4.7, 1.9, and 32 pmol mg_DEP^–1, respectively. The mean 2-NTP/1-NTP, 1-NTP/1-NP, and 2-NTP/1-NP ratios in samples of airborne particles collected in a residential area in Osaka, Japan, were>1.55,<0.25, and 0.37, respectively; these values are much higher than those of the DEP samples. This finding indicates that there is another source for airborne NTPs, especially 2-NTP, apart from diesel exhaust. These results strongly suggest that airborne NTPs originate from atmospheric processes such as radical-initiated reactions of triphenylene, and this has a significant influence on the atmospheric occurrence of NTPs.     

Association of the mutagenicity of airborne particles with the direct emission from combustion processes investigated in Osaka, Japan

The association of the direct-acting mutagenicity of soluble organic fraction of airborne particles toward Salmonella typhimurium YG1024 strain with the direct emission was investigated at a roadside and at a residential area in Osaka, Japan. The direct-acting mutagenicity was evaluated as mutagenic activity per unit volume of ambient air (rev m⁻³) and/or that per airborne particulate weight collected on a filter (rev mg⁻¹). The annual or diurnal changes of the mutagenicity of airborne particles at the residential site showed similar patterns to those of some gaseous pollutants such as NO₂ and SO₂, which were emitted from combustion processes. This result indicates that the mutagenicity is mainly attributable to the primary emissions. From the analysis of the relationship between the wind sector and the mutagenic intensity, rev m⁻³ and rev mg⁻¹ values were strongly affected by the emissions from the fixed sources and from the mobile sources, respectively. The rev m⁻³ value and concentration of 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) in unit per m³ at the roadside were a factor of 2.6 and 2.8 higher than those at the residential site, respectively, but the rev mg⁻¹ value and concentration of 1-NP in unit per mg at the roadside were substantially comparable to those at the residential area. These observations suggest that the characteristics of the airborne particles can be attributed to the automotive emissions even at the suburban area.     

南京地区相对湿度对气溶胶含量的影响

为了研究南京地区相对湿度对气溶胶的影响,利用位于南京信息工程大学的拉曼-瑞利-米氏激光雷达,分析湿度廓线对消光系数的影响;利用2014年3月~2015年2月国控点环境监测数据对可吸入颗粒物浓度特征进行统计,并与相对湿度进行逐月和四季对比分析,并计算各参数之间的相关系数,以期为南京市的城市布局与规划、大气污染治理等提供更多参考.结果表明,低空气溶胶的消光系数廓线与相对湿度廓线变化趋势高度一致,地面相对湿度与可吸入颗粒物浓度在一定湿度范围（以不发生重力沉降为界限）内,相对湿度越大越有利于颗粒物的形成,超过这个范围,相对湿度越大,颗粒物浓度越低,在南京地区,对于PM₁₀来说,这个界限在40%~49%,对于PM_2.5来说,这个界限在50%~59%.     

成都西南城郊黑碳和PM2.5 浓度变化特征及其影响因子

四川盆地是我国灰霾和大气污染易发和频发区之一,目前关于本地区黑碳气溶胶（black carbon,BC）的相关研究较少。利用2017年11月—2018年12月成都西南城郊地区黑碳气溶胶以及PM_2.5观测资料,结合气象资料和其他污染物浓度资料,分析BC和PM_2.5浓度,BC浓度在PM_2.5浓度中所占比例（黑碳占比）的季节、月、日变化特征及其影响因子。结果表明：（1）BC逐小时浓度范围为0.18—40.51 μg?m^?3,平均值为(5.26±4.68) μg?m^?3,本底浓度为3.34 μg?m^?3。PM_2.5逐小时浓度范围为1.00—344.50 μg?m^?3,平均值为(60.02±46.91) μg?m^?3,本底浓度为33.38 μg?m^?3。日变化均呈“白天低,早晨、夜间高”的变化特征,其中冬季浓度最高,春、秋季次之,夏季浓度最低。（2）黑碳占比均值为9.16%±5.13%,白天黑碳占比低,夜间黑碳占比高,且夏季最高,冬季最低。随着空气污染加重,冬季占比缓慢增加,其他三季占比减小。（3）BC与NO₂和CO相关性较好,表明西南城郊BC排放主要受机动车尾气、生物质燃烧影响。BC和SO₂相关系数偏小,燃煤等工业源排放对西南城郊BC的贡献较小。（4）风速、温度和湿度与BC浓度均有很好的相关性,其中风速对BC浓度的影响最大,当风速小于2.0 m?s^?1时,BC浓度值明显偏高;BC浓度大于20.00 μg?m^?3的高值区主要集中在西北、西南以及东北风向上,即：偏东北方向市中心大气中的污染物,以及西南方向远郊地区的污染物可能对西南城郊高浓度黑碳的贡献更大。     

成都市PM2.5中无机组分与硝酸盐氮氧同位素变化特征

2013年1月12日～2013年1月23日和2014年8月10日～2014年8月21日在成都市城东成都理工大学校园内按昼夜采集PM_(2.5)样品,分析了PM_(2.5)样品的质量浓度、9种水溶性无机离子含量和硝酸盐的δ~(15)N和δ~(18)O。结果表明,采样期间成都市PM_(2.5)冬、夏季的质量浓度分别为161～677μg/m~3(360±118μg/m~3)和87～137μg/m~3(92±18μg/m~3),冬季超标2～9倍,属于重度污染,夏季超标1～2倍,属于轻度污染; SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+(SNA)的质量浓度占总水溶性无机离子和PM_(2.5)质量浓度的比值冬夏季分别为72%±14. 3%和65%±9. 2%,21. 1%±2. 5%和30. 3%±6. 9%,是主要的无机离子组分。结合离子相关性分析,SNA的存在形式在白天以(NH_4)_2SO_4或NH_4HSO_4为主,部分以NH_4NO_3的形式存在,而在夜间则以NH_4NO_3为主,部分以(NH_4)_2SO_4或NH_4HSO_4形式存在。成都市PM_(2.5)中硝酸盐的δ~(15)N和δ~(18)O呈冬季高、夏季低的特征。冬季,硝酸盐来源于燃煤和机动车尾气;夏季,硝酸盐来源于机动车尾气、燃煤和农业土壤释放,根据其[NO_3~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]值说明成都市冬夏季均以固定污染源(燃煤)为主,移动污染源(机动车尾气)为辅。成都市冬季大气颗粒物中硝酸盐主要由NO_x经O_3氧化形成,夏季主要经·OH氧化形成硝酸盐或N_2O_5水解生成硝酸盐。     

Characterization of submicron particles during autumn in Beijing, China

In this study, we performed a highly time-resolved chemical characterization of nonrefractory submicron particles(NR-PM_1) in Beijing by using an Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer(HR-ToF-AMS). The results showed the average NR-PM_1 mass concentration to be 56.4 ± 58.0 μg/m~3, with a peak at 307.4 μg/m~3. Due to the high frequency of biomass burning in autumn, submicron particles significantly increased in organic content, which accounted for 51% of NR-PM_1 on average. Secondary inorganic aerosols(sulfate + nitrate + ammonium) accounted for 46% of NR-PM_1, of which sulfate,nitrate, and ammonium contributed 15%, 20%, and 11%, respectively. To determine the intrinsic relationships between the organic and inorganic species, we used the positive matrix factorization(PMF) model to merge the high-resolution mass spectra of the organic species and NO+and NO_2~+ions. The PMF analysis separated the mixed organic and nitrate(NO+and NO_2~+) spectra into four organic factors, including hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol(HOA), oxygenated organic aerosol(OOA), cooking organic aerosol(COA), and biomass burning organic aerosol(BBOA), as well as one nitrate inorganic aerosol(NIA) factor. COA(33%) and OOA(30%) contributed the most to the total organic aerosol(OA) mass, followed by BBOA(20%) and HOA(17%). We successfully quantified the mass concentrations of the organic and inorganic nitrates by the NO+and NO2+ions signal in the organic and NIA factors. The organic nitrate mass varied from 0.01-6.8 μg/m~3, with an average of 1.0 ±1.1 μg/m~3, and organic nitrate components accounted for 10% of the total nitrate mass in this observation.     

Soot reduction by addition of dimethyl carbonate in normal and inverse ethylene diffusion flames: Nanostructural evidence

Oxygenated fuel represents an attractive alternative as an additive for reducing soot emissions.Dimethyl carbonate(DMC) is an oxygenated compound which is a good option to reduce soot,but the detailed characteristics of soot produced from combustion of hydrocarbon fuels blended with DMC are still lacking. The present research studied the nanostructure and reactivity of soot particles in ethylene/DMC normal and inverse diffusion flames. High resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)were used to analyze the nanostructure and reactivity of soot. It was found that DMC addition was effective in decreasing the average weights of soot formed in flames. The results of HRTEM images showed that soot particles obtained with DMC addition showed liquid-like material and tight bonding, and exhibited more highly disorganized layers, which give it higher reactivity than soot obtained without DMC addition. Furthermore, HRTEM was used to analyze soot fringe characteristics consisting of fringe tortuosity, fringe length, and fringe separation. XRD was used to crosscheck the results for fringe separation, and was consistent with HRTEM results. In addition, the mass loss curve of TGA experiments showed that DMC addition could enhance the reactivity of soot particles.     

Seasonal variation and chemical composition of particulate matter: A study by XPS, ICP-AES and sequential microanalysis using Raman with SEM/EDS

During the winter period (January–March 2016), the total suspended particles (TSP) and particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) were characterized by the application of various analytical techniques in four zones of the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey in Mexico. To evaluate the seasonal variation of some elements in the particulate matter, the results of this study were compared with those obtained during the summer season (July–September 2015). The speciation of the C_1s signal by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the contribution of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons as the main components in both seasons. Conversely, carboxylic groups associated with biogenic emissions were detected only in winter. The percentages of SO₄^2 ? ions were lower in winter, possibly caused by the decrease in the solar radiation, and relative humidity recorded. The results of the ICP analysis revealed that Fe, Zn and Cu were the most abundant metals in both TSP and PM_2.5 in the two seasons. There were significant seasonal variations for concentrations of As, Ni and Zn in the urban area and for Fe, As, Cd, Ni and Zn in the industrial zone. This was attributed to the greater burning of fuels as well as to an increase in vehicular traffic, the effect of thermal inversion and changes in some meteorological parameters. The results of the sequential microanalysis by Raman spectroscopy and SEM/EDS allowed observation of deposits of carbonaceous material on the particles and to perform the speciation of particles rich in Fe and Pb, which helped infer their possible emission sources.     

悬浮填料对厌氧氨氧化MBR运行的影响特性及机理

向厌氧氨氧化（anammox）膜生物反应器（MBR）投加悬浮填料,考察其对反应器脱氮性能和膜污染的影响特性,并探究了相关机理.试验结果表明,投加填料后,反应器脱氮性能良好.当进水氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）160mg/L、亚硝态氮（NO₂^--N）180mg/L时,出水NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N均在15mg/L以下,硝态氮（NO₃^--N）在30mg/L以下,总氮去除率可达90%.投加填料显著减轻了膜污染,跨膜压差（TMP）稳定在8kPa左右.混合液中溶解性微生物产物（SMP）和胞外聚合物（EPS）成分分析结果表明,在第67~149d,蛋白质总量、多糖总量和总有机碳总量分别下降了49%、43%和61%,它们浓度的下降有利于延缓膜污染;此外,悬浮填料对膜组件的机械碰撞也起到了物理清洗作用.高通量测序结果显示,悬浮填料生物膜在anammox菌相对丰度方面显著高于混合液污泥,说明anammox菌更适宜于附着生长,投加填料可以为其提供更加稳定的生长环境.