天台铅锌矿区香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)等几种草本植物的重金属耐性

研究了浙江天台铅锌矿区香根草 (Vetiveriazizanioides)及其群落中几种主要植物Cu、Cd、Zn、Pb的累积分布 ,对植物与土壤元素、对重金属的耐受性作了初步探讨 .结果表明 ,香根草植物中元素含量表现为Zn >Pb >Cu >Cd,其中Cu表现为根 >茎 >叶 ,Cd表现为叶 >茎 >根 ,Zn、Pb表现为根 >叶 >茎 .香根草中的Zn、Pb含量均显著地高于其它几种植物 .香根草与土壤元素关系中 ,Zn的相关性最显著 ,其次为Pb .图 1表 5参 19     

印度芥菜对土壤中难溶态镉、铅的吸收差异

通过根际袋法土培盆栽试验,研究了印度芥菜对石灰性土壤中难溶态Cd、Pb的吸收差异。试验结果表明,印度芥菜能吸收石灰性土壤中的难溶态Cd、Pb并对其有较高的忍耐性。印度芥菜吸收的Cd 70%以上累积在地上部而吸收的Pb 83%以上累积在根系;印度芥菜根际土壤中的DTPA提取态Cd显著高于非根际土壤,但根际与非根际土壤中的DTPA提取的Pb含量差异不显著。本试验条件下,印度芥菜对土壤Cd的净化率为0.83%~1.25%,对土壤Pb的净化率则只有0.04%~0.07%。     

Soil Lead and Children’s Blood Lead Levels in Syracuse, NY, USA

A geo-referenced data set of 12 228 first-time blood lead screening values for Syracuse, NY, children was established for the 4-year period 1992–1996. Soil lead values were measured in a 600 m by 600 m tessellation grid covering the city. The two data sets were merged for evaluation of relationships between them. Strong seasonal variation in blood lead levels suggests the importance of contaminated soils as an exposure source. When the data were aggregated at a large geographic scale (3 km²), a logarithmic model showed an R² of > 0.65 for the regression of geometric mean blood lead on median soil lead values. Results showed a striking similarity to those obtained by Mielke et al. (1999) for a study in New Orleans, LA, USA.     

石灰对重金属铅影响玉米生长的抑制效应研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了在施用石灰改良的条件下,土壤重金属铅污染对玉米生长的影响。结果表明:土壤重金属铅污染质量分数越高,玉米吸收重金属铅越多,对玉米的生长影响越大。石灰对重金属铅影响玉米生长的抑制效应表现在株高、叶面积、根容积等,改良处理与单一铅污染的处理差异显著。玉米的不同部位对重金属铅吸收由多到少的顺序为根→茎、叶→籽实。     

Cd、Pb污染对几种叶类蔬菜生长的影响及其毒害症状

通过生物盆栽试验,研究了重金属Cd、Pb污染对3种叶类蔬菜(青菜、白菜、菠菜)生长的影响.结果表明,1)重金属污染对叶类蔬菜生长的影响及毒害症状因重金属种类和蔬菜品种而异.其中青菜对Pb污染敏感性最低,仅在高浓度污染时才表现出生长抑制作用.较低浓度Cd、Pb对蔬菜生长还具有一定促进作用.青菜、白菜和菠菜体内Cd累积量与土壤中Cd投加量呈显著线性关系(r2分别为0.995、0.992、0.958);2)蔬菜在不同重金属污染浓度下的吸收和富集能力存在差异.青菜和白菜在300mg·kg-1Cd投加量时表现出最大的富集能力(p<0.05).Pb处理下,白菜Pb富集系数始终低于青菜和菠菜,青菜的最大Pb富集系数出现在Pb投加量为2900mg·kg-1时;而菠菜则在Pb投加量1500mg·kg-1时表现出最强的Pb富集能力.     

Environmental Impacts of a Secondary Lead Smelter in Landskrona, Southern Sweden

Scandinavia has one secondary lead smelter that recycles lead from approximately 85% of used car batteries in Scandinavia and which has been active since the 1940s. The smelter, situated in Landskrona, has undergone a comprehensive clean up programme during the last decade, during which time production has doubled, while at the same time discharges of dust and lead to the atmosphere have decreased.Top and depth soil samples were taken on a 0.5km×0.5Km grid throughout the city of Landskrona, which covers an area of approximately 15km². Samples were analysed by ICPAES for a number of elements including Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, As, Sb and Hg. Road dust samples from selected sites were collected and similarly analysed. Blood samples were taken from 37 volunteer schoolchildren (aged 8–11) from two schools in Landskrona. House dust samples were taken from each child's home. Soil samples were taken from homes which had gardens, public and school play areas. Elevated heavy metal concentrations were found in close proximity to the secondary lead smelter, and this soil enrichment influences the whole of the town, modified to some extent by the prevailing wind. The smelter does not influence the soil lead concentration at distances greater than 3.5km, where the soil reflects the background value for the area.Road dust samples also show decreases in lead concentrations with distance from the smelter. The average level of lead in house dust was considerably lower than that found in Birmingham, UK. Blood lead levels in the child population ranged from 1.5–5.1gdl^–1, with a mean of 3.05gdl^–1, showing a distinct decrease from those measured in 1978–82. No significant difference in blood lead concentrations with distance of the home from the smelter, nor between attenders at the two schools was revealed in the limited number of children studied.     

Soil Lead at Elementary Public Schools: Comparison Between School Properties and Residential Neighbourhoods of New Orleans

Soil studies, conducted in Maryland, Minnesota and Louisiana, have described the urban pattern of lead contamination. They have shown that the highest amounts of lead cluster within the interior of the largest cities. The results of the New Orleans urban patterns of distribution of soil lead provided the basis for further study. The hypothesis was tested that elementary school properties have the same pattern of soil lead contamination as their neighbouring residential communities. Thirty New Orleans Public Elementary Schools were selected for this study. Surface samples (2.5cm or 1 inch depth) were collected from playgrounds and next to entrances of each school. Results showed that soil lead on school properties follows the same relative contamination patterns (pvalue10^–5) as soil lead on residential properties of neighbouring communities. Schools however, have significantly lower lead contamination than the neighbouring residential properties. Innercity school properties present a higher risk of soil lead exposure than mid and outercity schools. Soils next to innercity school entrances showed the highest lead, with 18.5% having concentrations over 400gg^–1. Systematic landscaping around the school entrances would significantly reduce the hazard from lead dust contaminated soils.     

铅对小鼠肝脏超微结构及凋亡相关蛋白p53、Bax、Bcl-2表达的影响

为探讨铅对小鼠肝脏超微结构及凋亡相关蛋白p53、Bax、Bcl-2表达的影响,取刚断奶的ICR雄性小鼠25只,随机分为5组,以10、50、100、500 mg·kg-1的醋酸铅隔天灌胃,连续28天,对照组灌高纯水.用westernblot法检测肝组织中p53、Bax及Bcl-2表达量,并用肝做病理组织切片.病理切片可见在高浓度组(100、500 mg·kg-1)肝细胞结构损伤比较严重、细胞核体积缩小、染色质浓缩、线粒体肿胀、基质变淡、不均匀、嵴消失,并出现空泡及线粒体的崩解;50 mg·kg-1组可看到内质网的增生和扩张.在最低浓度组(10 mg·kg-1),p53和Bax的表达量明显升高,与对照组相比差异有显著性(p＜0.05);随着染毒浓度的升高,二者的表达量又逐渐下降,到最高浓度组(500 mg·kg-1)时,p53和Bax的表达量又明显低于对照组,差异有显著性(p＜0.05).10、50、100 mg·kg-1Bcl-2表达量没有明显的变化,最高浓度组时明显低于对照组(p＜0.05).结果显示,铅在高浓度时可严重损害肝细胞结构,在低浓度时可诱导小鼠肝组织中p53和bax基因表达上调,这可能与铅诱导细胞凋亡作用有关.     

再生铅冶炼对土壤环境影响及其评价和环境管理

再生铅冶炼是对废弃物的循环利用,防治铅污染的重要手段,但冶炼中处置不当,会引起土壤污染,再生铅冶炼对土壤环境的影响,首先进行环境影响识别,并根据冶炼中铅的排放强度和铅的生物地球化学循环规律来阐明其排放特点和进入土壤的途径,通过再生铅冶炼项目环境影响评价的实例,探讨了土壤环境质量的现状分析、评价和预测等研究方法,并提出严格执行环境影响评价制度和“三同时”制度,强化建设项目本身的环境管理和完善土壤环境质量标准等土壤环境管理措施。     

土壤-青菜系统中铅污染对土壤微生物活性及多样性的影响

采用盆栽方法研究了青菜种植条件下2种不同类型的人为铅污染土(黄松田土和黄红壤)中不同处理对土壤微生物生物量、生理生态参数以及群落结构的影响.结果表明,2种土壤在外源铅含量为100和300 mg·kg-1时,土壤微生物生物量有微小增加,而高浓度铅污染使土壤微生物生物量显著降低.在高浓度铅污染土壤中,微生物生理生态参数发生明显变化,微生物生物量碳/土壤有机质碳(Cmic/Corg)逐渐下降,代谢熵(qco2)明显上升,表明土壤微生物群落处于胁迫状态.结果还显示,铅污染对土壤微生物的影响与不同的管理方式(青菜种植情况)以及土壤中有机质、粘粒含量等有关,在种植青菜、有机质和粘粒含量高的土壤中,土壤微生物各项参数变化要小.对21种磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)的图谱进行分析,结果表明,受铅污染土壤的微生物群落结构组成伴随着功能参数的变化而发生了改变;随着铅污染程度的增强,指示真菌和放线菌类的脂肪酸增加,而革兰氏阳性菌与革兰氏阴性菌脂肪酸比值下降.