Total mercury content found in edible tissues of top predator fish from the Gulf of California,Mexico

Fish at the top of the food chain bioaccumulate and biomagnify toxic metals including mercury (Hg), at a higher rate than nonpredatory fish. However, although some top predator fish species are important in the human diet, the risks for consumers in Mexico are difficult to evaluate due to the scarce baseline information available. In the present article, data on the total mercury (THg) concentrations found in edible tissues of different species of sharks, rays, large pelagic fishes and groupers from the Gulf of California are presented and compared with national and international health guidelines. During 2003 and 2004, 73 shark dorsal tissue samples, 52 ray samples, 66 large pelagic fish samples and 16 grouper samples were collected at different sites along the Gulf of California. Samples were digested in a microwave system and analyzed by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Thirty samples (14%) showed concentrations of Hg above the national statutory limit of 1?mg?kg^?1, from which 25 samples were sharks and 3 were large pelagic fishes. A positive correlation was found between the natural log of THg [ln(THg)] and total length (TL cm) in species of sharks, rays and groupers. The Teacapán estuary in Sinaloa was detected as a possible source of Hg into the Gulf of California due to historic mining in the watershed. Mean Hg concentrations exceeded the regulatory limit of 1?mg?kg^?1 in the following highly commercial shark species: smooth hammerhead, pelagic thrasher, pacific sharpnose shark, dusky shark, scalloped hammerhead, and whitenose shark, in that order. It is recommended that preventive food advisories be issued with respect to these species until further investigations are conducted.     

The measurement of nitrate and nitrite content in carrots and onions sampled from central cities of Mazandaran State of Iran

Vegetables are the major source of nitrates and nitrites in human diet. Because of the potential of health hazards resulting from high intake of nitrates and nitrites, the assessment of these components in vegetables was undertaken in this study. The concentration of nitrates and nitrites in carrots and onions sampled from three central cities of Mazandaran state (Iran) was determined in 12 samples of each vegetable collected from farmlands of four geographical regions in each city using the ISO Method (NO. 6635). The average content of nitrates and nitrites in all of the samples was less than standard threshold limits. Babol-sampled carrot had significantly higher nitrate content than two other cities. On the other hand, onions which were sampled from Sari showed significantly higher content of nitrate than two other cities. Based upon the maximum levels that were specified by European Commission Regulation, data showed that the investigated vegetables were safe for consumption.     

工业区土壤和农产品镉污染状况及暴露评估

以某铅锌冶炼厂周边为研究区域,网格法采集30个表层(0～10 cm)土壤样品,对应采集46个粮食样品和69个蔬菜样品,用ICP-MS测定镉质量比。运用普通克里格法(Ordinary Krigging)预测研究区域内土壤镉质量比的空间分布,结合单因子污染指数评价土壤的镉污染级别。通过分析粮食和蔬菜的镉质量比,评估其食用安全性以及受调查居民镉的膳食暴露风险。结果表明:1)距离铅锌冶炼厂1 000m范围,或东南侧(下风向)3 000 m内土壤中镉质量比大于0.65mg.kg-1;2)研究区域土壤中镉单因子污染指数超过了警戒线(P≥1.0),个别区域受到严重污染(P=4.7);3)土壤与小麦籽粒镉质量比存在极显著正相关关系(r=0.889,p<0.01),粮食样品镉质量比超过限量标准(GB 2762—2005)的占52.2%,蔬菜样品为8.7%;4)仅以粮食和蔬菜摄入估计的THQ=0.79,对于普通人群来说,小麦、蔬菜和大豆摄入对每日镉摄入量的贡献率分别为85.1%、12.9%和2.0%。研究区域土壤2/3以上面积受到镉污染,土壤可能是小麦籽粒镉的来源之一。当地受调查人群若长期食用该地区种植的农产品,镉的膳食暴露风险在可接受的范围内,其中,小麦对镉摄入贡献最大。     

镍对蔬菜毒害临界值的研究

采用水培＋土培的方法研究了镍对蔬菜的毒害临界值。先采用水培法从18种福建常见蔬菜中筛选出对镍毒害的高敏感蔬菜,再通过土培试验确定土壤镍对高敏感蔬菜的毒害临界值。结果表明,在水培条件下镍对蔬菜生长存在低浓度的刺激效应和高浓度的抑制效应。综合表观症状和蔬菜地上部生物量降低20％的效应浓度值（EC20）确定清江白（Brassica chinensis L．）和蕹菜（Lpomoea aquatica Forsk．）为镍毒害的高敏感蔬菜。以蕹菜为指示作物的土培试验表明,随着镍添加量的增加,蕹菜地上部生物量显著下降。以土培条件下蕹菜地上部生物量降低10％为依据,确定土壤有效镍毒害临界值为2．21mg·kg^-1（DTPA提取）;根据野外采集的菜园土壤DTPA提取镍和全镍的回归关系,求得土壤全镍毒害临界值为43．67mg·kg^-1。     

Genotoxicity of vegetables irrigated by industrial wastewater

IntroductionPollution of natural waters with waste effluentsarising from various industries has become a seriousproblem in India.In Rajasthan particularly,textilemills represent an important economic sector.Effluents from these textile and other dye-relat…     

新鲜蔬菜和水果中亚硝酸盐测定方法研究

本文研究了消除新鲜蔬菜和水果中抗坏血酸对亚硝酸盐测定原方法,在样品提取时加入醋酸锌和活性炭,以消除抗坏血酸对测定的干扰,提高了测定的灵敏度和准确必     

论害虫与绿色食品蔬菜生产

从昆虫与寄主植物的关系出发,分析了害虫对于绿色食品蔬菜生产的影响,并提出了在绿色食品蔬菜生产过程中防止害虫危害的策略.     

The effect of pesticides and metals on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in various tissues of blue mussel (Mytilus trossulus L.) in short-term in vivo exposures at different temperatures

The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of short-term exposure to selected toxicants as well as metal accumulation upon acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the blue mussel, Mytilus trossulus L., in laboratory in vivo experiments. Mussels were exposed for up to 48 hours to a mixture of copper (Cu^{2 +}, 400 μ g L^?1) and cadmium (Cd^{2 +}, 200 μ g L^?1), to dichlorvos (DDVP, 100 μ g L^?1), and to carbaryl (100 μ g L^?1) at two temperatures: 5°C and 20°C. Samples were collected after 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours of exposure, and AChE activity and metal concentration (where applicable) were analysed in gills, digestive gland, mantle+muscles, and the whole soft tissue. Very strong AChE inhibition was observed in response to the dichlorvos treatment, mainly in gills. Carbaryl and the metals caused a short-term inhibition effect. Considerable differences in AChE activity between the two temperatures were noticed. In particular, the metals were accumulated much faster at 20°C than at 5°C, especially in gills. No correlation between AChE activity and metal concentration was found. Gills turned out to be the optimal tissue for AChE activity analysis in short-term studies.     

Accumulation levels and characteristics of some pesticides in human adipose tissue samples from Southeast China

This paper presents a comprehensive study of pesticide levels and bio-accumulation characteristics in human adipose tissues among residents of Southeast China. A large number of adipose samples (n = 633) were selected for 58 pesticides and were analyzed by high sensitive Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The results showed that POPs pesticides were frequently detected, including 2,4′-DDD, 2,4′-DDE, 2,4′-DDT, 4,4′-DDD, 4,4′-DDE, 4,4′-DDT, α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and mirex. Other detected pesticide species were dicofol, methamidophos and chlordimeform, which have rarely been reported. Comparing to different countries, the concentrations of total DDT and HCH in these three Chinese southeastern sites were in the middle range, whereas the HCB and mirex were in the lower end. A significant correlation was observed between region as well as age and POPs pesticide levels. Some pesticide residue levels were also found significantly correlated to occupation. However, there was no significant correlation between gender and pesticides. Meanwhile, it is interesting to find that mortality of malignant tumors tends to associate with the pesticides levels in human adipose tissue. More importantly, the measured data presented in this study provide realistic information which is useful for assessing human exposure to pesticides in the general population of Southeast China.     

浅谈无公害蔬菜生产中的污染预防与检测

阐述无公害蔬菜的来由和环境污染对蔬菜生产的危害,国家为规范其生产所制订的规定和办法,并指明无公害蔬菜生产的现状.通过目前无公害蔬菜生产中存在的污染问题,结合农业经济可持续发展需要,以我国无公害蔬菜生产基地之一--永丰县为例,提出在无公害蔬菜生产中应净化产地环境建立示范基地、发展多种病虫害防治技术,研制新型农业生产资料等预防措施,并对生产产品的检测推行速测技术,以确保产品质量和食用安全要求.