催化光度法测定环境样品中痕量钒的研究

研究了在磷酸介质中,利用高碘酸钾氧化罗丹明B测定环境样品中痕量钒的方法,最大吸收波长530nm,表观摩尔吸光系数2.71×10~8L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1),在0～30ng/25mL范围内符合比耳定律,用于测定自来水和小麦中钒的含量,结果令人满意。     

钒胁迫对水稻幼苗生理生化和富集特性的影响

水稻（Oryza.sativa L.）是我国最重要的粮食作物之一,水稻产量占粮食总产量的一半以上,一旦水稻受到重金属污染,将会影响水稻植株的正常生长和生理特性。目前关于钒胁迫对水稻植株生理特性指标的影响方面报道较少。通过水培实验,研究了不同钒（V）质量浓度（0、4、8、12、16、20 mg·L-1）对水稻幼苗（Oryza.sativa L）生理生化和富集特性的影响。结果表明：随着V胁迫浓度的增加,叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）等均呈现先上升、后下降的变化趋势。当ρ（V）≤12 mg·L-1,与对照相比较,叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量和酶活性增大了135.3%、104.2%、77.8%（CAT）、84.5%（POD）和273.2%（SOD）;当ρ（V）〉12 mg·L-1,则分别降低37.2%、39.4%、41.1%、24.1%和24.5%。随着 V 胁迫浓度的增加,丙二醛（MDA）含量和细胞膜透性逐渐增大,与对照相比,分别增加了38.5%~289.3%、21.2%~303.2%,根系活力下降了10.9%~82.2%。可见,低ρ（V）（≤12 mg·L-1）对水稻幼苗的生长有一定的刺激作用,水稻幼苗自身保护酶表现出较强的自我调节能力;高ρ（V）（〉12 mg·L-1）明显抑制叶绿素和蛋白合成、抗氧化酶活性和根系活力,伤害了细胞质膜系统,影响水稻幼苗的生长发育。不同V浓度胁迫下,水稻幼苗累积的V含量为：根〉茎叶。随着V胁迫浓度增加,水稻幼苗各器官V含量增大,其中根部增幅远大于茎叶,当ρ（V）从5 mg·L-1增加到40 mg·L-1,与对照相比较,根部增加了0.98~25.3倍,茎叶部增加了0.26~4.74倍。生物富集系数（BF）先增加后降低,最大值为2.8408;迁移系数（TF）下降,最低值为0.1170,说明水稻对V有较强的富集能力,但迁移能力较低,积累的V主要富集在根部,可减轻V对地上部植物的危害。     

Effects of of V,Cr single and combined stress on the growth and physiological characteristics of wheat seedling

采用水培法研究了V（Ⅴ）、Cr（Ⅵ）单一及复合胁迫对小麦幼苗生长和生理特性的影响.结果表明,无论单一或复合胁迫,随着V、Cr浓度的增加,小麦幼苗鲜重、株高、叶绿素含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势.当V≤5 mg.L-1、Cr≤10 mg.L-1,小麦的鲜重、株高、叶绿素含量均高于对照,当V〉5 mg.L-1、Cr〉10 mg.L-1,则分别比对照降低0.2%—46.8%、0.8%—40.7%和2.5%—76.9%.丙二醛含量随着V、Cr胁迫浓度的增加而增大,与对照相比,含量增加了7.5%—251.6%.在V、Cr单一胁迫下,随着金属浓度增加细胞膜透性增大,比对照增加17.8%—59.8%,根系活力则下降8.1%—53.0%;复合胁迫时细胞膜透性先下降后上升,但始终高于对照,比对照增加了0.6%—126.2%;根系活力呈先升高后下降的趋势,降低6.1%—97.3%.研究表明在低浓度范围,复合胁迫在一定程度上可以缓解单一金属对小麦的毒害,对小麦幼苗生长具有拮抗作用;在高浓度范围两种金属复合胁迫对小麦幼苗的损伤和毒害作用比单一金属伤害更为严重,表现为协同作用.单一胁迫中Cr对小麦幼苗的毒性比V大.     

攀钢炼钢厂提钒转炉浊环水水质稳定研究

在对转炉提钒浊环水质状况进行分析化验的基础上提出了水质调整措施,实施后有效地稳定了提钒浊环水质,改善了因提钒浊环酸性水质导致的缺陷,较好地满足了生产需要。     

攀枝花尾矿库溪流中钒的分布及化学形态

采用ICP-AES方法测定攀枝花尾矿库溪流水、悬浮物、沉积物中钒的含量,以及沉积物中钒的化学形态,结果表明:不同介质中钒的含量均高于全球钒的平均值;钒主要存在于沉积物及悬浮物中;水相中钒的含量主要与沉积物中钒的含量及存在形态有关;沉积物中的钒以残留态为主,各形态钒的比例主要受上覆水体理化性质的影响.     

废SCR催化剂中钒和钨的有机酸浸出

在对废SCR催化剂组成进行分析的基础上,采用草酸和酒石酸两种有机酸浸取废SCR催化剂中的V和W。实验结果表明：草酸对V、W的浸出率均大于酒石酸;在草酸浓度为1.00 mol/L、浸取温度为80 ℃、液固比为10 mL/g、浸取时间为180 min时,V和W的浸出率分别为63.50%和13.12%;在酒石酸浓度为0.5 mol/L、浸取温度为100 ℃、液固比为10 mL/g、浸取时间为180 min时,V和W的浸出率分别为44.00%和9.00%。酸性浸出未改变SCR催化剂中TiO₂的晶型,剩余残渣中依然保留着TiO₂骨架,可继续作为催化剂载体使用。     

钙法提钒尾渣的浮选脱硫试验

根据钙法提钒尾渣的矿物特性,采用浮选法分离其中的石膏以实现脱硫,分别考察了矿浆pH、矿浆液固比、捕收剂添加量及浮选中水循环次数等因素对浮选指标的影响,并进行了理论分析,确定了钙法提钒尾渣浮选脱硫的优选工艺参数.试验结果表明,在矿浆pH为7、矿浆液固比为5:1、捕收剂添加量为0.6～0.8 kg/t的条件下,可获得w(S...     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定水中的钒

用石墨炉原子吸收法测定水中的钒,方法检出限为2.0μg/l,测定上限为600μg/l,水样可直接进样分析,简便,快捷。     

混凝-砂滤-活性炭过滤-微滤-反渗透集成技术处理钒冶炼废水

针对在"低钠焙烧水浸提取偏钒酸钠-离子交换树脂提纯-氯化铵沉钒"生产钒工艺下产生的废水的高盐度,可生化性差,使用传统的方法难以达到排放标准等特点,提出了"混凝-砂滤-活性炭过滤-微滤-反渗透"集成技术处理钒冶炼废水。考察了混凝沉淀的最佳条件,同时重点探讨了操作压力、运行时间和pH等操作参数对膜运行效果的影响。反渗透出水的COD为20.7 mg/L,Cl-为176 mg/L,电导率为387μS/cm,除盐率达到99.4%,总铬、六价铬和总钒等重金属的去除率都达到99%以上,远远低于国家规定的排放标准,该出水能回用于大部分生产工序;浓缩液也能回用于成球工艺和烟气处理工序,实现了钒冶炼废水的零排放。具有比较可观的经济价值和广阔的应用前景。     

Extractable Hydrocarbons, Nickel and Vanadium Contents of Ogbodo-Isiokpo Oil Spill Polluted Soils in Niger Delta, Nigeria

An oil spill polluted site at Ogbodo-Isiokpo in Ikwere Local Government Area of Rivers State in southern Nigeria, was identified for study following three successive reconnaissance surveys of oil fields in the Agbada west plain of Eastern Niger Delta. A sampling area of 200 m × 200 m was delimited at the oil spill impacted site using the grid technique and soils were collected at surface (0–15 cm) and subsurface (15–30 cm) depths from three replicate quadrats. A geographically similar, unaffected area, located 50 m adjacent to the polluted site, was chosen as a control (reference) site. Total extractable hydrocarbon contents of the polluted soils ranged from 3.02–4.54 and 1.60–4.20 mg/kg (no overlap in standard errors) at surface and subsurface depths respectively. The concentrations of two “diagnostic” trace heavy metals, nickel (Ni) and vanadium (V), which are normal constituents of crude oil, were also determined in the soils by atomic absorption spectrophotometric method after pre-extraction of cations with dithionite–citrate carbonate. Ni varied from 0.15 to 1.65 mg/kg in the polluted plots and from 0.18 to 0.82 mg/kg in the unpolluted plots; vanadium varied from 0.19 to 0.70 mg/kg in the polluted plots and from 0.14 to 0.38 mg/kg in the unpolluted plots. Ni and V were more enhanced (p < 0.05) in the oil-polluted soils, especially at subsurface depth. Whilst the oil spillage could be said to be indirectly responsible for the enhanced concentrations of nickel and vanadium via the injection and availability of the petroleum hydrocarbons that might have increased the activities of biodegradation on site, the physico-chemical properties of the soils and inherent mobility of metals, as well as the intense rainfall and flooding that characterized the period of study, may have also contributed, at least in part, to these enhanced concentrations. Such levels of Ni and V may result to enhanced absorption by plants, which may bring about possible bioaccumulation in such plants and the animals that depend on them for survival and all of these may lead to toxic reactions along the food chain.