污泥土地利用中重金属铜在土壤中的迁移行为

研究通过模拟土柱淋溶实验来研究污泥土地利用中重金属铜在土壤中的迁移行为。结果表明污泥土地利用会明显增加土壤中铜的总量,但大部分集中在40 cm以上的土壤中。通过BCR连续提取法发现,经淋溶后耕作层（0 cm~30 cm）土壤中的铜仍然以残渣态为主（占50%以上）,但能被植物利用的酸溶/可交换态和可还原态铜有了明显的增加。与去离子水相比,模拟酸雨（pH=4.5）会使土壤中铜的淋溶强度增加,并更能促使其向下迁移。     

Concentrations and chemical forms of potentially toxic metals in road-deposited sediments from di erent zones of Hangzhou, China

The 25 road-deposited sediments were collected from five di erent land-use zones (industrial, residential, commercial, park, and countryside) in Hangzhou, China. The concentrations of metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in these samples were determined using ICP-AES after digestion with the mixture of HNO3-HF-HCl (aqua regia), and chemically fractionated according to the modified BCR (the European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction procedure. The high metal concentration levels were detected in the sample from industrial zone and commercial zone having heavy tra c. While the low metal levels were noted in the street dust sample from residential zone, park, and countryside zone. The mobility sequence based on the sum of the BCR sequential extraction stages was: Zn (80.28%), Pb (78.68%), Cd (77.66%) > Cu (73.34%) > Mn (67.92%) > Co (41.66%) > Ni (30.36%) > Cr (21.56%), Fe (20.86%). Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were applied to the data matrix to evaluate the analytical results and to identify the possible pollution sources of metals. Factor analysis showed that these areas were mainly contaminated by three sources, namely lithology, tra c, and industry.     

生物炭、蒙脱石及其混合添加对复合污染土壤中重金属形态的影响

本文以采自湖南临湘某重金属复合污染的土壤为研究材料,采用室内培养方法,将生物炭(BC)和蒙脱石(MM)按1%、2%、5%单独添加,以及将二者混合添加(1%+1%),通过BCR连续提取法,研究不同钝化剂对复合污染土壤重金属形态变化的影响.结果表明,生物炭处理显著降低了Cu、Pb和Cd的有效态含量.蒙脱石处理中,MM5%处理使Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的弱酸提取态含量分别降低了27.6%、19.2%、25.6%、19.2%.混合钝化剂处理使Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的弱酸提取态含量分别降低了15.8%、15.9%、13.1%、12.0%,残渣态含量分别增加了39.0%、110.1%、9.6%、62.5%,显著降低了4种元素的移动性.蒙脱石钝化效果整体优于生物炭,两者结合使用效果更佳.     

夹皮沟金矿区土壤汞的赋存形态及污染特征

使用改进的BCR连续提取法和电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS),测定夹皮沟金矿区土壤样品中汞元素的赋存形态及含量。结果表明,三个深度的土壤汞元素形态分布趋势相似,均以残渣态为主,其次为可氧化态和可还原态,酸溶/可交换态和水溶态所占比例较少,各形态汞的分配系数依次为:残渣态(48.28%)可氧化态(25.68%)可还原态(13.35%)酸溶/可交换态(8.38%)水溶态(4.33%)。垂直方向上,20~40 cm的中层土壤中的汞含量略高于0~20 cm的表层土壤,40~60 cm的下层土壤则含量最低。不同深度土壤中的有效态汞与总汞的含量具有较高的相关性,但三层土壤不具有相同的相关趋势。     

德兴矿区沉积物中铜的化学形态及其影响因素

采用BCR三步提取法测定了德兴矿区沉积物中铜的化学形态,并对铜化学形态的影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,(1)铜的可氧化态＞残渣晶格态＞酸可溶态＞可还原态,铜以硫化物结合态、有机结合态及残渣晶格态为主;(2)铜的潜在生物可利用形态的平均比例为71.99%,平均浓度为233.88 mg·kg-1,远高于全国沉积物铜的平均值,威胁当地的水生生态系统安全;(3)铜的酸可溶态与阳离子交换量CEC、有机质含量和氧化铁含量成正相关关系,而与铁锰含量和pH值的关系不明显;可氧化态与铁锰含量密切相关;可还原态与有机质含量相关.     

重金属元素BCR提取法及在太湖沉积物研究中的应用

采用BCR提取法,HCl-HNO3-HF消化法和ICP-AES仪器测定了西太湖沉积岩芯中Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Pb和Zn 6种重金属元素不同形态的质量分数.结果表明:采用BCR方法对太湖沉积物重金属元素形态进行提取,提取结果具有较高的精度和稳定性;受元素地球化学性质及沉积物理化性质的影响,Cu,Fe,Ni和Zn以残渣态为主;Mn以可交换态及碳酸盐结合态为主;Pb的有机物及硫化物结合态,Fe/Mn氧化物结合态以及残渣态的质量分数基本一致;重金属元素Fe/Mn氧化物结合态的质量分数与可还原态Mn质量分数有较好的正相关性,有机物及硫化物结合态的质量分数与有机质质量分数相关性较好.      

Leaching Characteristics of Heavy Metals and As from Two Urban Roadside Soils

The leaching tests, including the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), EDTA extraction and BCR sequential extractions before and after EDTA treatments, were performed on two specific soils to elucidate heavy metal-associated mineral fractions and general leachability. The TCLP illustrated the low leachability of heavy metals in soils from two sites. EDTA is a strong chelator and therefore had higher extraction efficiency compared to that of TCLP. The lower extraction percentages by EDTA for As and Sb were found compared to the other heavy metals derived from anthropogenic sources. Sequential extractions showed that the importance of acid-extractable, organically-bound and Fe–Mn oxide fractions was identified for anthropogenic heavy metals with the exception of As and Ni while the importance of residual fraction was identified for endogenous metals. Changes in sequential fractions of heavy metals after leaching with EDTA are very complex and it is difficult to generalize on which fraction was more mobile than the others. These combined results are helpful in elucidating the association of heavy metals to soil fractions and the mobility characteristics of heavy metals under certain environmental conditions.     

九龙江口红树林表层沉积物重金属赋存形态及污染评价

采用改进的BCR四步提取法分析了九龙江口红树林表层沉积物中16种重金属元素的赋存形态特征,运用次生相与原生相分布比值法（RSP）、风险评价编码法（RAC）和改进的潜在生态风险指数法（MRI）评价了重金属的污染水平和生态风险.BCR提取结果表明,Cd （52.55%）和Mn （47.71%）以弱酸溶态为主要存在形态,Pb、Y和Cu以可还原和可氧化态为主要存在形态,Ba、Tl、V、Th、Cr、As、U、Hg、Ni、Zn和Co主要以残渣态存在.RSP评价结果表明,沉积物受到Cd和Mn的重度污染,受到Pb的中度污染;Cu、Y和Co表现为轻度污染,Zn、Hg、As、U、Ni、Cr、Th、V、Ba和Tl表现为无污染;RAC评价结果表明,Cd和Mn具有极高风险,Co和Zn有中度风险,Ni、Cu、Hg和Y有轻度风险,其余元素（U、As、Pb、Cr、V、Tl、Ba和Th）无风险;MRI评价结果表明,研究区沉积物重金属综合潜在生态风险表现为严重风险,Hg和Cd是主要贡献因子,Hg有严重的潜在生态危害,Cd有较重的潜在生态危害,Tl有中等潜在生态危害,其余元素为低潜在生态危害.     

广东清远电子垃圾拆解区农田土壤重金属污染评价

简单粗放的电子垃圾回收活动给周边环境带来了一系列污染问题,污染物通过食物链的累积最终将对人体健康产生危害.为了解广东省清远市电子垃圾拆解地周边农田土壤重金属污染现状,在该市龙塘镇和石角镇电子垃圾拆解区域内采集22个农田土壤样品,并分析了土样中重金属的含量水平、空间分布特征和化学形态.结果表明,与广东省土壤背景值相比,农田表层0~20 cm土壤中Pb、Cu、Cd、Zn、Ni和Cr元素含量表现出不同程度的富集.从单项污染指数来看,72.7%的表层土壤样品存在一种或几种重金属超标,以Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn污染为主,其中Cd污染比例最高,其次是Cu,最后是污染比例相当的Pb和Zn.内梅罗综合污染指数分析发现68.2%的土壤样品受到重金属污染,其中更有53.3%为重污染等级.大部分重金属之间具有良好的相关性,简单粗放的回收活动成为电子垃圾拆解地周边农田重金属污染的重要来源.Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu在表层土壤中含量较高,深层土部分(20~100 cm)并未表现出随深度增加而显著降低的趋势.Cr和Ni元素在整个采样剖面中含量基本一致,无统计学意义上的差别.重金属化学形态分析结果显示Pb、Cu和Cd的活性形态比例范围分别为36.9%~90.6%、39.6%~93.9%和43.7%~99.6%,平均值分别为61.3%、65.3%和80.7%,绝大多数土壤样品中3种重金属活性形态在总量中的比例占到一半以上,具有极大的生态风险.     

九龙江表层沉积物重金属赋存形态及生态风险

分别用改进的BCR四步提取法和稀硝酸单级提取法分析九龙江17个表层沉积物中15种重金属元素的赋存形态特征.BCR四步提取法表明,九龙江表层沉积物中大部分重金属(Fe、Ni、V、Tl、Ba、Sb、Ga、Cr和Sr)以残渣态为主;Mn可提取态含量最高(占总量83.8%),其次为Cd、Pb、Zn、Co和Cu(分别占总量80.0%、75.5%、74.3%、70.8%和57.7%).稀硝酸提取法表明,Pb、Mn、Cd、Co、Zn和Cu的稀硝酸可提取态具有较高比例(分别占总量70.4%、65.4%、58.7%、48.4%、44.5%和45.5%).次生相与原生相分布比值法(RSP)评价结果表明,九龙江表层沉积物中Pb、Mn、Cd、Co、Zn和Cu具有较高生态风险.综合对比两种提取方式分析结果,各有优缺点.一般情况下,稀硝酸单级提取法已足以分析沉积物中重金属生物有效性及生态风险.