柳江盆地浅层地下水硝酸盐分布特征及影响因素分析

以秦皇岛柳江盆地浅层地下水硝酸盐为研究对象,在地下水污染源调查的基础上,于2014年7月丰水期、2015年4月枯水期共采取浅层地下水样215组.基于变异函数模型和Arc GIS地统计模块,分析了浅层地下水中硝酸盐含量时空分布特征,并利用因子分析方法探讨了硝酸盐污染成因.结果表明,无论丰水期还是枯水期,研究区东南部均为硝酸盐主要污染区域,含量达30~120 mg·L~(-1),但枯水期硝酸盐污染面积约为丰水期的1.4倍;硝酸盐空间分布受人类活动和地质条件影响显著,其次为Eh、DO、p H和地形地貌条件.北部浅层地下水硝酸盐含量小于20 mg·L~(-1);中部主要来源于人类活动及农业种植中氮肥的流失,局部污染较严重;南部受隔水边界阻隔作用,表现为硝酸盐累积效应,污染严重.     

基于O/E模型和化学-生物综合指数的淮河流域关键断面生态健康评价

由于人类对河流的过度开发利用,河流生态系统逐步退化,部分河流甚至已丧失生态服务功能.因此,客观评价河流生态系统健康状况,加强河流生态保护与修复是水环境管理的重要工作.本研究于2014—2015年度在淮河流域典型河段的9个关键断面展开了4次水生态状况调查,根据四季水质现状和底栖动物群落结构特征,分别应用O/E模型和化学-生物综合指数法对淮河流域河流生态健康进行评价.结果表明:淮河流域总氮污染严重,处于劣Ⅴ类标准;底栖动物群落结构简单,生物多样性较低,主要以腹足纲和昆虫纲为主且物种分布呈现显著的季节性差异;O/E指数在pc≥0和pc≥0.5阈值条件下的评价结果显示所有断面的健康等级均处于差或极差;除夏季外,化学-生物综合指数评价结果与O/E指数评价结果呈现较好的一致性.水质恶化是物种锐减的重要诱因,是水生态健康状况较差的主要限制因素.     

汾河上中游流域水环境中多环芳烃分布及分配

通过测定汾河上中游流域13个点位丰水期和枯水期水体、表层沉积物中PAHs浓度,分析其分布特征及影响因素.结果表明:汾河上中游流域丰水期和枯水期水中PAHs的平均浓度分别为0.365μg·L~(-1)和0.835μg·L~(-1),枯水期PAHs总体高于丰水期;丰水期和枯水期沉积物中PAHs平均浓度分别为1444μg·kg~(-1)和2407μg·kg~(-1),枯水期PAHs总体高于丰水期;水和沉积物中PAHs的组成主要是2~4环,但沉积物中高环PAHs组成显著高于水中;丰水期和枯水期中游段(寨上到南关)水体和沉积物中PAHs浓度整体均高于上游段(雷鸣寺到汾河水库).丰水期和枯水期沉积相-水相分配系数K_p值分别为642~32345 L·kg~(-1)和671~44929 L·kg~(-1),且随PAHs环数变大K_p值增大;丰水期和枯水期沉积相-水相实测的有机碳归一化分配系数(lgK_(oc))总体高于预测值上限;丰水期和枯水期lgK_(oc)与lgK_(ow)均呈较好的相关性,可决系数(R~2)分别为0.764、0.725,枯水期斜率大于丰水期斜率,枯水期较丰水期沉积物吸附的PAHs更多.K_p值与有机碳/COD_(Cr)比值K_(od)呈正相关,可决系数(R~2)分别为0.625和0.728,丰水期和枯水期PAHs K_p值受沉积物中有机碳含量和水中COD_(Cr)含量的影响.     

运城市道路扬尘化学组成特征及来源分析

采集运城市区道路扬尘及5类单一尘源类样品(盐湖尘、土壤风沙尘、机动车尾气尘、建筑水泥尘和煤烟尘),测定元素、离子和碳质组分含量并与其他城市比较,在此基础上通过富集因子法和潜在生态风险评价法揭示道路扬尘的化学组成特征,同时运用化学质量平衡模型解析道路扬尘的来源.结果表明,与其他城市相比,Na和SO_4~(2-)含量高,Si含量相对较低是运城市道路扬尘化学组成的主要特征,Na、SO_4~(2-)和Si质量分数分别为12.197 0%、8.597 1%和9.112 3%;富集因子计算结果表明道路扬尘中Pb、Cu、Cr、V、As、Ni、Na、Zn等元素的来源明显受到人为活动影响;道路扬尘重金属潜在生态风险为强,工业生产、化石燃料燃烧、机动车排放等人为源是影响道路扬尘生态风险等级的重要因素;煤烟尘、建筑水泥尘和机动车尾气尘的化学成分谱与其他城市相似,土壤风沙尘中Na和SO2-4含量相对较高,运城市特有的盐湖尘的主要化学组分是Na、SO_4~(2-),含量分别为30.3%、22.7%;化学质量平衡模型解析结果表明,盐湖尘对道路扬尘贡献最大(53%),其次是土壤风沙尘(21%),机动车尾气尘(8%)、建筑水泥尘(7%)和煤烟尘(5%)的贡献几乎相当.     

滇池大气沉降氮磷形态特征及其入湖负荷贡献

为研究季节变化和降雨量对滇池各种氮磷形态浓度的影响,采用紫外分光光度法测定大气沉降的各种氮磷形态浓度,探讨滇池湖面氮磷对水污染的贡献.结果表明,滇池大气沉降氮浓度普遍符合雨季低,旱季高的特点;大气沉降氮磷负荷与降雨量正相关,季节性变化主要呈雨季高,旱季低.大气沉降氮负荷以DIN为主,占总氮沉降负荷的63. 70%;磷负荷以PP为主,占总磷沉降负荷的45. 54%,过度施肥和肥料中氮磷的流失是大气湿沉降中主要的氮磷来源.结合入湖河流数据,滇池大气沉降中TN和TP的沉降量分别为河流入湖负荷的6. 14%和12. 76%,因而滇池主要污染来源仍然是入湖河流带来的负荷.但滇池大气沉降氮磷通量与其他地区相比处于中等偏上地位,所以该贡献仍需重视.     

模糊数学在西昌邛海富营养化评价中的应用

本文以西昌邛海2006年4个水质监测点水质监测资料为基础,采用模糊数学的方法对邛海营养状态进行综合评价,通过评价得出:邛海海河口和二水厂处水质已成轻富营养化状态.同时分析了造成这一结果的主要原因是生活污水中排放的大量的氮磷,并提出了一些合理建议.     

韦伯-费希纳定律在区域生态环境质量评价中的应用

文章利用韦伯-费希纳定律建立区域生态环境评价的新模型,并通过实例研究了区域生态环境质量状况,即巢湖流域总体以及分区巢湖市、六安市的生态环境质量为Ⅵ级、分区合肥市为Ⅲ级。与未确知测度评价方法进行比较,取得了满意的结果,实例应用表明:该评价模型结构严谨,评价结果合理,为区域生态环境质量评价提供了一种简单而适用的评价方法。     

Modeled Sources,Transport, and Accumulation of Dissolved Solids in Water Resources of the Southwestern United States1

Anning, David W., 2011. Modeled Sources, Transport, and Accumulation of Dissolved Solids in Water Resources of the Southwestern United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(5):1087‐1109. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00579.x Abstract: Information on important source areas for dissolved solids in streams of the southwestern United States, the relative share of deliveries of dissolved solids to streams from natural and human sources, and the potential for salt accumulation in soil or groundwater was developed using a SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes model. Predicted area‐normalized reach‐catchment delivery rates of dissolved solids to streams ranged from <10 (kg/year)/km² for catchments with little or no natural or human‐related solute sources in them to 563,000 (kg/year)/km² for catchments that were almost entirely cultivated land. For the region as a whole, geologic units contributed 44% of the dissolved‐solids deliveries to streams and the remaining 56% of the deliveries came from the release of solutes through irrigation of cultivated and pasture lands, which comprise only 2.5% of the land area. Dissolved‐solids accumulation is manifested as precipitated salts in the soil or underlying sediments, and (or) dissolved salts in soil‐pore or sediment‐pore water, or groundwater, and therefore represents a potential for aquifer contamination. Accumulation rates were <10,000 (kg/year)/km² for many hydrologic accounting units (large river basins), but were more than 40,000 (kg/year)/km² for the Middle Gila, Lower Gila‐Agua Fria, Lower Gila, Lower Bear, Great Salt Lake accounting units, and 247,000 (kg/year)/km² for the Salton Sea accounting unit.     

Characteristics of heavy metals and Pb isotopic signatures in sediment cores collected from typical urban shallow lakes in Nanjing, China

To investigate the contamination levels and sources for heavy metals that have occurred during the development of cities, sediment cores collected from typical urban shallow lakes (Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake) in Nanjing, China were analyzed for Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni, and for Pb stable isotopic ratios. No significant differences were found in the concentrations of Cu, Ni and Cd among sediment layers from Xuanwu or in the levels of Cr and Ni among sediment layers from Mochou. However, there were significant differences among the layers in the concentrations of Cr, Zn and Pb in Xuanwu and Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in Mochou. Based on geoaccumulation indexes and enrichment factors, Cd was the primary pollutant at all depths in the sediment cores. The ratios of (206)Pb/(207)Pb and (208)Pb/(206)Pb differ significantly among sediment layers in Xuanwu. No significant differences were found on the ratios of (208)Pb/(206)Pb in Mochou, but the ratios of (206)Pb/(207)Pb differ significantly among some of the sediment layers in Mochou. The range of (208)Pb/(206)Pb and (206)Pb/(207)Pb ratios was found to be 2.098-2.106 and 1.170-1.176, respectively, for sediment cores from Mochou Lake and 2.091-2.104 and 1.168-1.183, respectively, for cores from Xuanwu Lake. The differences in heavy metal concentrations and the Pb isotopic ratios with depth for the cores from Xuanwu and Mochou confirmed that the contamination sources changed during the formation of the different sediment layers. Furthermore, the ratios of (206)Pb/(207)Pb demonstrated that gasoline and vehicular Pb were not the primary sources of Pb contamination at different depths in the sediment cores in Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake.     

基于CVM的南昌城市河湖生态服务功能价值评估

条件价值评估法(CVM)是当前可用于确定环境物品非市场的和非使用价值的有效方法.在分析南昌市城市河湖生态环境问题的基础上,采用条件价值评估法,共回收194份单边界二分式CVM有效问卷,研究了南昌城市河湖生态系统服务改善的支付意愿及其经济价值.研究表明:1)南昌市城区河湖生态系统服务改善的平均支付意愿约为105.83元/...