南水北调西线一期工程大渡河流域减水段生态水文浅析

南水北调西线一期工程调水前河流生态水文特征、调水对生态影响的研究对于进一步探讨有利于生态保护的水利工程调控措施具有重要意义。采用IHA方法分析大渡河流域调水区河流调水前的水文资料，提取对基本生态条件维护具有重要意义的月基流量作为特征流量，采用Tennant法评价基流量对生态的有利程度，以历史上曾经发生过的特征流量对生态的意义作为参照，对比分析一期调水工程实施后水文站月平均流量对生态的有利程度，间接推求坝址下游近坝段特征基流量，探究调水后月均流量对生态的有利程度。结果表明：随着沿程流量的恢复，绰斯甲站、足木足站河道水量得到恢复，调水后月平均流量对生态有利程度能达到较好状态；坝址下游河段调水后月平均流量的生态有利程度汛期较差，珠安达和霍那坝址下游6月份甚至为“极差”水平     

丰水期乌江上游干流水库—河流体系硫同位素组成

2007年7月对乌江上游河流、乌江干流上的3座不同库龄的梯级水库(洪家渡水库、东风水库、乌江渡水库)表层及垂直剖面水体的可溶性硫酸盐的硫同位素组成进行了研究.在垂直剖面上,洪家渡水库硫同位素值(δ34S)介于+0.3‰～+3.1‰,下泄水为-0.7‰;东风水库δ34S值介于-7.5‰～-5.5‰,下泄水为-6.8‰;乌江渡水库δ34S值介于-4.3‰～-0.6‰,下泄水为-2.9‰.上述结论表明,硫同位素组成变化反映了水库硫的不同来源及生物地球化学过程.不同水库表层和垂直剖面水体的硫同位素平均值有差别,水库表层的硫同位素比值主要受输入水体的控制,垂直剖面由表层向下硫同位素比值偏负,主要是由于生物作用以及有机硫的氧化造成的.     

Seasonal and interannual variation of soil respiration in four vegetation types in the loess hilly region北大核心CSCD

Soit carbon (C) stock is the largest C pool in terrestrial ecosystems, and the emission of CO2 through soil respiration contributes to the majority of soil C expenditure and atmospheric C. Soil respiration is also one of the major processes controlling the C budget of terrestrial ecosystems. A slight change in soil CO2 emission might cause drastic variations in global C balance. Therefore, it is of great significance to investigate the characteristics of soil respiration of soils growing different types of vegetation over a long period, and determine its relationship with variables such as soil temperature and moisture. The rate of soil respiration was measured each month in the growing seasons (from April to October) of 2011, 2013, and 2014 using the Li-8100 CO2 flux measurement system in the central Loess Plateau. Four types of vegetation (Quercus liaotungensis, Platycladus orientalis, Robinia pseudoacacia, and a natural shrub) were chosen for the periodical measurements. A permanent sample plot was established for each type of vegetation, and five polyvinyl chloride (PVC) collars were placed in each plot for the measurements. The temperature and water content of the soil in the upper 12 cm near the collar were measured using a digital soil temperature probe and a TDR 200 soil moisture meter at the same time when the soil respiration was measured. The soil respiration rates were fitted to the soil temperature and moisture with an exponential function, power function, linear function, and an equation combining the two variables. The results showed that: (1) the seasonal variation in the rates of soil respiration in the soils growing the four types of vegetation were almost the same, and were lower in the earlier period and then increased to high levels in the middle and later periods; (2) the rates of soil respiration in the same month varied with the type of vegetation grown, and were in the descending order: Q. liaotungensis > P. orientalis > shrub > R. pseudoacacia; (3) the average values of the rates of soil respiration in 2011, 2013, and 2014 were 2.77, 3.48, and 5.08 μmol m-2 s-1, respectively. The variation in soil respiration was higher across the three years than the variation for the types of vegetation grown; and (4) the rate of soil respiration was positively correlated to soil temperature and moisture for all the types of vegetation. A better fit was obtained by using the equation that included both the variables, soil temperature and moisture, than by an equation that included a single factor. Our results suggested that both seasonal and inter-annual variations of soil respiration occurred in the soils growing the four types of vegetation in the region. The temperature and water content of soils are the major regulating factors, and soil respiration in the Loess Plateau is more greatly affected by environment factors than by the type of vegetation. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

青海湖流域农田生态系统氢氧同位素特征及其水分利用变化研究

水分条件是直接影响农作物产量高低的主要限制因子之一,但对青海湖流域油菜和燕麦植物水分利用方式的认识尚不清楚。论文收集油菜和燕麦整个生育期内降水、植物和土壤水氢氧稳定同位素组成,并通过直接对比法和多源混合模型定量地计算出油菜和燕麦对不同深度土壤水分利用比例。结果表明：降水中同位素组成表征出较大的波动性变化,浅层土壤水同位素组成受蒸发作用影响明显富集于深层土壤水分,且土壤水中同位素在垂直方向上呈浅层土壤水较富集于深层土壤水。油菜在生育期内根系吸水方式在浅层和深层土壤间发生明显的转换,如在蕾薹期、开花期、灌浆期及成熟期主要依赖于0~10 cm（95.1%）、0~10 cm（68%和44.8%）、30~60 cm（69.9%）及0~10 cm（38.8%）的土壤水分。而燕麦根系吸水范围却没有表征出明显的改变,在整个生育期内土壤水分利用深度在0~30 cm间变化。这将为高寒地区耕作方式调整及发展节水高效的现代农业提供理论依据。     

青藏铁路三岔河特大桥空心薄壁高墩寒季混凝土施工技术

三岔河特大桥地处海拔高、干燥多风的恶劣气候区,是青藏铁路的咽喉工程,按总体部署须跨越寒季施工,依据高墩薄臂特点,优选拆装式大模板施工方法。该项技术采用试验研究、理论计算分析、现场监测分析等手段,使现场量测与设计数据、施工管理等工程信息相结合,并反馈于施工过程中。利用成熟度法对砼早期强度进行预测和估算,以确定下道工序的时间和对混凝土质量进行预测;采用双层保温层及内置供热系统形成高原高寒高墩薄臂负温混凝土保温加热养护技术;选用塔吊配合整体拼装式模板的高墩施工技术,成功解决空心薄臂高墩快速连续施工和寒季砼加热养护的难题,实现了高墩流水化、机械化作业。以温度为主线的信息化监控技术是该技术成果的创新内容,该创新成果对于高寒地区,尤其对青藏铁路、青藏公路桥梁下部结构施工具有广泛应用和借鉴价值。     

近50年中国汛期暴雨旱涝的分布特征及其成因

利用全国160个站点的汛期降水量资料，采用EOF展开并结合聚类相似方法分析了我国汛期旱涝的分布类型和暴雨雨量对每个雨型的多雨带位置和强度的贡献，还探讨了我国汛期主要雨型的500hPa大尺度环流背景。对暴雨和雨型的研究结果表明：主要多雨带中心区域与暴雨总量的显菩正距平区域有很好的一致性，这说明我国汛期8个主要多雨带类型的多雨中心主要是由频繁的暴雨造成的。     

雷雨季节钻探施工的安全管理

本文论述了野外施工钻机在雷雨季节可能遭遇雷击现象，就如何采取防直击雷措施进行了分析与研究，即主要对钻机的接闪器、引下线、接地极及接地电阻进行了深入探讨，对野外钻探工程施工安全具有重要意义。     

龙须草的施肥时期和施肥效果

针对提高纸浆原料植物龙须草的产量进行盆栽和田间施肥试验。结果表明；①龙须草的最佳施肥时期为营养生长旺盛期初期和春季萌发生长期；②对龙须草采用少量多次的施肥方法效果好；③龙须草施用氮肥的效果好，在施氮肥的基础上施磷肥效果显著。     

湖南汛期降水分区和变化规律的探讨

利用湖南５２站汛期降水资料,根据聚类分析方法,进行降水分区,结果共分为Ⅰ区,Ⅲ区（湘北）Ⅲ区（湘东）,Ⅳ区（湘中）和Ⅴ区（湘南）等５个区域,能反映地理位置和地形对降水的影响。然后,通过统计分析,讨论了各区域汛期降水的年际变化趋势,结果表明,Ⅱ区（湘北）汛期降水的年际变化最大;同时,根据各区域汛期降水的距平资料,探讨了它们的变化规律,结果显示,基本上都呈现出上升－下降－上升的特征,只有Ⅴ区（湘南）稍     

河北与京津地区非采暖期大气中的PAHs污染特征

对河北与京津地区42个样点非采暖期大气中多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)的研究表明,该区域大气中的PAHs浓度水平较高.2～3环PAHs主要分布在气相当中,颗粒相(大气可吸入颗粒物,PM10)中PAHs以4～6环为主.PAHs的高浓度样点在石家庄、唐山和邯郸地区分布最为集中.县城样点与城市样点的PM10和PAHs污染水平相近.临近区域广泛存在的大气污染很可能对北京市的大气环境造成影响.