浅谈环境保护标准中计量单位的规范使用

简述了采用法定计量单位的重要性。列举了现行环境保护标准中计量单位不规范使用的实例,对计量单位不规范使用的原因进行了分析,提出,环境保护标准中关于项目(指标)涉及量和单位的,应对量做出明确的说明;在应用国外文献时,尤其要注意计量单位的规范性;在标准发布和出版前,加强计量单位规范使用的审核。     

Achieving sustainable development goals through participatory forest management: Examples from South-Eastern Bangladesh

Forests managed through peoples' participation can help to achieve a number of sustainable development goals (SDGs). This paper, drawing data from four participatory forest management (PFM) projects in south-eastern Bangladesh, explored: (a) the factors that influenced the outcomes of PFM; and (b) contribution of PFM towards achieving selected SDGs. The research used observation, semi-structured household interviews, group discussions, vegetation survey and Ostromʼs design principles for data collection, Divergent forest conditions and factors in four PFM sites have had differential contribution to SDGs. Heterogeneity of user groups, insufficient coordination, absence of motivation, and land tenure conflicts had affected the attainment of SDGs. The PFM helped to achieve 9–11 SDGs comprising poverty reduction (Goal 1), improving food security (Goal 2), maintaining health and well-being (Goal 3), enhancing childrensʼ education (Goal 4), fair access to jobs and committees (Goals 5 and 10), sources of clean drinking water (Goal 6), affordable energy for cooking (Goal 7), increased household economy (Goal 8), climate change through carbon sequestration (Goal 13), forest conservation (Goal 15), and partnerships with relevant institutions (Goal 16). In order to achieve SDGs, PFM could be viewed as an integral part of government development strategies, which needs sectoral coordination and integration of relevant policies.     

Effects of mobile phone use on driving performance in a multiresource workload scenario

Objective: This study explores the influence of mobile phone secondary tasks on driving from the perspective of visual, auditory, cognitive, and psychomotor (VACP) multiple resource theory, and it is anticipated to benefit the human-centered design of mobile phone use while driving.

Methods: The present study investigated 6 typical phone use scenarios while driving and analyzed the effects of phone use distractions on driving performance. Thirty-six participants were recruited to participate in this experiment. We abandoned traditional secondary tasks such as conversations or dialing, in which cognitive resources can become interference. Instead, we adopted an arrow secondary task and an n-back delayed digit recall task.

Results: The results show that all mobile phone use scenarios have a significant influence on driving performance, especially on lateral vehicle control. The visual plus psychomotor resource occupation scenario demonstrated the greatest deterioration of driving performance, and there was a significant deterioration of driving speed and steering wheel angle once the psychomotor resource was occupied.

Conclusions: Phone use distraction leads to visual, cognitive, and/or motor resource functional limitations and thus causes lane violations and traffic accidents.     

流域立法视角下生态流量保障的制度供给--以长江流域为例

生态流量保障的重难点在于流域生态流量不足问题的妥善解决。生态流量不足基于产生的原因可分为“自然型”和“人为型”。“人为型”生态流量不足的根源在于《水法》第4条规定的三生用水关系未得到妥善处理,实质上是水资源分配和管理不合理所致。具体表现为水资源保护理念镶嵌在制度表层、生态流量缺乏核心制度保障、流域规划匮乏强效监督机制、流域水资源分配信息公开不足、末端行政考核制度偏重水质管控、生态用水制度顶层设计与地方实施间落差巨大等。流域立法作为立法体系的中间环节,对上位法具有填补协调功能,对地方立法具有引领指导作用。建议在流域立法过程中,通过制度设计解构流域生态流量保障现存的制度困境,主要包括以下几个方面:一是完成流域特有保护理念到实体制度的转型。二是基于流域生态修复、水资源生态红线管控制度的开展以及有效衔接规划环境影响评价制度的需要,建立生态流量管控指标制度体系不可或缺。三是基于流域规划对三生用水的初始分配性,将生态流量供给纳入流域规划体系中,从水资源分配初始阶段保障生态流量,同时强化流域水资源规划制度的监督机制,健全规划制定的程序性规范,明确科学考察和调查评价人员的构成规则、方式及模式。四是依法加深政府信息公开程度保障公众的知情权、参与权及监督权。五是完善行政考核制度体系强化对生态流量供给的考核。     

农用地土壤环境监测现场采样、制备及注意事项

土壤环境对农业生产、人类健康和土壤资源的安全性具有重要而深远的影响,随着土壤农业资源的持续开发,土壤环境受到的农药、化肥、石油等污染日益恶化。阐述了农用地土壤环境监测现场采样和制备过程,同时提出了注意事项,并对土壤环境监测面临的问题提出对策与建议。     

Dispersal of Land Snails of the Genus Xeropicta Monterosato, 1892 (Gastropoda; Pulmonata; Hygromiidae)

Data on the parameters of migration of two land snails of the genus Xeropicta are presented. In relatively homogeneous habitats, the locomotor activity of these mollusks is relatively high: they can travel for up to 300 cm per day, with neither the phenotype nor size of the shell having any significant influence on the level of dispersal. The snails prefer to travel westward and southward, but the distances covered by individuals moving in different directions are similar. No connection between the directions or distances of movement on two successive days has been observed.     

A Spatial Analysis of the Economic and Ecological Efficacy of Land Retirement

This paper uses a cellular automata simulation model of a hypothetical landscape to investigate the role of location as it relates to the efficacy of land retirement in achieving two environmental goals: hydrological improvement and habitat improvement. Statistical analysis of simulation results is used to show how absolute and relative location relate to achievement of these objectives. Linear and nonlinear compromise programming frameworks then combine these two environmental objectives and a cost minimization objective into a measure that allows decision-makers to rank the desirability of different retirement strategies. These frameworks are explored to determine what each implies about the tradeoffs that must be made among objectives and among the spatial land parcel characteristics that contribute to those objectives.     

四川省土地承载力研究的系统动力学仿真模型

本文利用系统动力学理论,建立了四川省土地承载能力的动态仿真模型,模型中包括土地利用、人口、种植业、畜牧业、渔业等子系统,文中阐述了土地承载力模型的建立过程和方法,模拟了四川未来45年土地承载力系统的动态变化轨迹,提出了两种方案,并对其仿真结果进行了分析。     

中国自然保护区的困境与出路

任何事物的发展总免不了挫折和失败,中国自然保护区在其发展过程中也是如此.经过50年的发展,我国的自然保护区面积与国土面积的比例已经超过了世界平均水平,但在其土地权属、与当地人民之间的利益关系上存在着很大的问题.在此,从与当地人民之间的关系出发,主要考察自然保护区的困境与出路.     

关于耕地总量动态平衡的思考

中国是一个人多地少的国家，伴随着80年代经济高速增长而加剧的人地矛盾已经成为区域可持续发展面临的一个重要问题。本文以大量的数据分析了自耕地总量动态平衡实施以来的1999-2001年耕地数量和质量的变化，其中用播面单产和复种指数来度量耕地质量，得出了我国总体耕地质量下降的结论，指出仅仅从数量上实施耕地总量动态平衡，保证不了我国粮食安全的需要。并在此基础上提出了相关的建议。