Three-dimensional unstructured-mesh eutrophication model and its application to the Xiangxi River, China

The Xiangxi River is one of the main tributaries in the Three Gorges reservoir, with the shortest distance to the Three Gorges Project Dam. Severe and frequent algal bloom events have occurred frequently in the Xiangxi River in recent years. Therefore, the current study develops a three-dimensional unstructured-mesh model to investigate the dynamic process of algal bloom. The developed model comprises three modules, namely, hydrodynamics, nutrient cycles, and phytoplankton ecological dynamics. A number of factors, including hydrodynamic condition, nutrient concentration, temperature, and light illumination, that would affect the evolution of phytoplankton were considered. Moreover, the wave equation was used to solve the free surface fluctuations and vertical Z-coordinates with adjustable layered thicknesses. These values, in turn, are suitable for solving the algal bloom problems that occurred in the river style reservoir that has a complex boundary and dramatically changing hydrodynamic conditions. The comparisons between the modeling results and field data of years 2007 and 2008 indicate that the developed model is capable of simulating the algal bloom process in the Xiangxi River with reasonable accuracy. However, hydrodynamic force and external pollution loads affect the concentrations of nutrients, which, along with the underwater light intensity, could consequently affect phytoplankton evolution. Thus, flow velocity cannot be ignored in the analysis of river algal bloom. Based on the modeling results, building an impounding reservoir and increasing the releasing discharge at appropriate times are effective ways for controlling algal bloom.     

湛江电厂温排水对滨海水体生态环境的影响

2011年1月对湛江电厂温水排放口附近水域的生态环境进行了采样调查,分析了温排水对受纳水体的水温、溶解氧、营养盐、叶绿素a以及浮游植物的细胞密度、群落组成多样性和均匀度的影响。结果表明:电厂温排水主要影响表层水且范围较小;溶解氧虽随水温的变化稍有变化,但含量均在5.00 mg/L以上,符合渔业水域水质标准;温排水促进了受纳水体的富营养化,自然水温处至排水口中心,营养盐(无机氮、活性磷酸盐)、叶绿素a和浮游植物的细胞密度、种类数呈递增趋势;从浮游植物群落的多样性指数和均匀度分析,温排水提高了群落的多样性和抗干扰能力;在对浮游植物与主要环境因子间的偏相关性分析发现,浮游植物细胞密度和水温呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.941 8(p<0.01),与活性硅酸盐呈显著负相关,相关系数为-0.892 4(p<0.05),与其他因子相关性不明显。     

贵州百花湖水库浮游植物群落结构与季节变化

为揭示水库浮游植物群落结构对放养鲢、鳙鱼控藻的响应特征,分四季对百花湖的水质及浮游植物进行了调查和分析。浮游植物种类较多,共检出浮游植物147种,绿藻在种类组成上占绝对优势,共计76种,其次为硅藻31种、蓝藻27种、隐藻、甲藻和裸藻各4种,金藻仅1种。浮游植物丰度在9.69×106～150.89×106 cells/L之间,生物量在3.57～16.80mg/L之间;蓝藻在丰度上占优势,其主要物种类群是假鱼腥藻属;硅藻则在生物量上占优势。浮游植物组成随季节变化而不同,冬季以蓝藻、硅藻和绿藻为优势类群;春季硅藻和绿藻减少而蓝藻增加;夏季以蓝藻、硅藻和隐藻为优势类群;秋季以蓝藻、硅藻、隐藻和绿藻为混合优势类群。百花湖浮游植物形成以假鱼腥藻占绝对优势的群落结构可能与放养鲢、鳙鱼有关。     

珠江口水域表层水体光合色素分布特征研究

于2011年2月对珠江口水域表层水体进行了调查,利用反相高效液相色谱测定了水体中19种光合色素的含量,研究了珠江口水域浮游植物特征色素组成及其分布特征。结果表明:表层水体主要特征色素为岩藻黄素、多甲藻素和别藻黄素,还存在少量的青绿素、19’-已酰基氧化岩藻黄素、二乙烯基叶绿素a。各光合色素具有明显的分布特征,如叶绿素a、叶绿素c2、岩藻黄素和多甲藻素等表现为珠江口水域内侧(淡水端)高,外海区(海水端)低的特点;19’-已酰基氧化岩藻黄素、玉米黄素、叶绿素b和青绿素等主要分布在外海区,在珠江口水域内侧未检出。根据光合色素分布特征,可以确定在珠江口海域存在的浮游藻种类包括硅藻、甲藻、隐藻、青绿藻和原绿球藻等浮游微藻。     

Studies of the effects of environmental factors on the seasonal change of phytoplankton population in municipal waste water stabilization ponds

Studies were carried out on waste water stabilization ponds in the southern region of Tehran (Iran). Concrete waste stabilization ponds made up of 4 lagoons with 32,047?m³ volume handled 180?lit/ day sewage per capita. Samples were collected monthly from 3 regions of influent and effluent from January to December. Some of the samples were used for identification, culture and purification without any fixation of phytoplankton, but some of them were fixed. Algae were identified using bright field and dark field microscopes. The relationship between the environmental factors and the population density of the species at different times was also measured based on the data analysis factors. Results showed existing 53 taxa in 4 phylum and 38 genera of algae. Taxa were: Cyanophyta (17 taxa), Chlorophyta (22 taxa), Chrysophyta (11 taxa) and Euglenophyta (4 taxa) that fluctuated based on the environmental conditions.     

长江中下游湖区浮游植物初级生产力估算

长江中下游是我国淡水湖泊最集中的区域，也是富营养化较为严重的地区。作为湖泊系统初级生产力的主要影响因子氮、磷等营养元素增加，会显著影响湖泊系统的初级生产力。近几十年来越来越多的学者运用模型来模拟湖泊等水体的初级生产力。而VGPM模型和Talling模型综合考虑了水温、光合有效辐射、湖泊叶绿素浓度和真光层深度等因素，能较准确地模拟水柱初级生产力。1987~1991年、2001～2005年长江中下游湖区湖水中TP浓度分别为0059～0105和0070~0167 mg/L，湖泊TP浓度升高，导致湖泊藻类初级生产力增大。15 a间湖区的初级生产力由0139～0381 gC/(m2〖DK〗·d)上升到0128～0504 gC/(m2〖DK〗·d)。在VGPM模型1987～1991年、2001～2005年湖区固碳量由3 32125 tC/d上升到3 76502 tC/d，增加1336%；在Talling模型中湖区固碳量由2 39964 tC/d上升到3 27242 tC/d，增加3637%     

淀山湖浮游植物叶绿素a粒径组成及其与水质因子相关性

于2005年6月至2006年5月对淀山湖小型(20～200μm)、微型(2～20μm)和微微型(<2μm)浮游植物叶绿素a和水质因子进行逐月调查研究。结果表明:小型和微型浮游植物是淀山湖水体年均叶绿素a的主要贡献者,二者贡献率之和为74.79%。淀山湖叶绿素a粒径组成百分比的季节变动与水体浮游植物群落结构季节演替密切相关:小型浮游植物叶绿素a浓度所占百分比春季最高,而微型、微微型的则分别在秋、冬季最高。相关性分析显示,小型、微型浮游植物叶绿素a浓度百分比与NH3-N含量分别呈显著正、负相关,微微型浮游植物叶绿素a百分比与BOD5呈极显著负相关。对应滤食性鱼类等水生动物的食性粒级,探讨了运用非经典生物操纵技术防治淀山湖富营养化的可行性。     

四川省重点流域浮游植物群落调查研究

首次对四川省纳入省控以上地表水、重点湖库及饮用水源地154个水质断面进行了浮游植物优势种、藻类密度及叶绿素a同步调查监测,分析了全省重点流域浮游植物群落特征,建立了四川省地表水环境藻类数据库。     

Phytoplankton toxicity of the antibiotic chlortetracycline and its UV light degradation products

Two common freshwater phytoplankton species Microcystis aeruginosa and Scenedesmus obliquus were employed as test organisms to investigate the toxic effects of chlortetracycline widely used in human medicine and veterinary as antibiotic. Toxicity assays were performed into two parts: antibiotic toxicity test and antibiotic degraded products toxicity test. In general, chlortetracycline had significantly toxic effect on population growth and chlorophyll-a accumulation of two phytoplankton. Although M. aeruginosa had ability to grow after exposed to chlortetracycline at 0.5 mg L⁻¹, its photosynthesis function was also disrupted. Compared with the data in two phytoplankton species, the chlorophyceae was more sensitive than the cyanophyceae. The adverse effect on S. obliquus was stronger than that on M. aeruginosa with increasing concentrations. In addition, for M. aeruginosa, regardless of the UV light degradation time, the treated chlortetracycline also had adverse effect on population growth and chlorophyll-a accumulated. The degraded chlortetracycline under any treatment time was more toxic for S. obliquus than chlortetracycline itself excluding under 24 h. However, the correlation between the toxicity and degradation time was not clear and toxicity enhanced in fact did not follow the increase or decrease in degradation time. Our study showed that the antibiotic chlortetracycline and its degraded products had adverse effect on freshwater phytoplankton, the former has not been reported before and the latter has been overlooked in other research in the past.     

三峡水库香溪河库湾夏季水华期间浮游植物的初级生产力

用黑白瓶法调查了香溪河库湾夏季水华期间浮游植物的初级生产力,探讨了浮游植物初级生产力的分布格局、光照强度对初级生产力的影响以及香溪河库湾浮游植物群落的代谢类型。结果表明:河口、峡口、吴家湾和平邑口总初级生产力最大值分别为6.33、3.89、6.51和4.67 gO2/(m2.d);平邑口、吴家湾、峡口、河口0~5 m水柱日生产量分别为6.95、6.78、5.17和4.65 gO2/(m2.d)。除平邑口的最大生产力出现在水下0.5 m以外,其余3个样点的生产力垂直变化均表现为表层最高,随水深增加而逐渐降低。吴家湾、峡口、河口三位点总初级生产力和净初级生产力与相对应水层的平均光照强度呈显著正相关,而平邑口位点相关性不明显。香溪河库湾1 m水深以内的群落代谢率平均值为4.0,推测夏季水华期间该水体1 m水深以内的浮游植物群落为自养代谢类型。