乡镇小型屠宰场污水处理技术研究

本文在分析生猪屠宰污水的来源及水质特点基础上,对比各种污水处理的好氧和厌氧的方法与措施,提出将“两级沉淀＋两段曝气”工艺应用到小型屠宰场污水处理系统中,具有重要的理论意义和工程实用价值.     

氟化铵制备氟化钙最优条件研究

试验采用氟化铵与石灰石粉、石灰乳反应制取氟化钙,研究了反应温度、物料浓度、物料过量系数等各主要参数变化对氟化钙结晶、过滤速度、氟收率及其含量的影响,摸索出最优反应条件。     

装备研制项目可靠性风险预警技术研究

目的研究装备研制项目可靠性风险预警技术及应用。方法从可靠性风险预警技术对装备研制项目整体质量的影响度出发,对装备研制项目可靠性风险进行特征归类,分析现有装备研制项目可靠性风险预警流程的局限性。结果提出了装备研制项目可靠性风险预警机构的组织管理和权限建议,引入风险阈值理论优化了装备研制项目险预警流程,并给出优化流程中不同风险分析子集的模型应用情景。结论研究提出的装备研制项目可靠性风险预警体系框架和分析模型,可为可靠性风险预警实践提供理论支撑。     

加速腐蚀环境下LD2CS铝合金腐蚀损伤分析方法

目的研究LD2CS铝合金腐蚀损伤数据的分析方法。方法针对LD2CS铝合金腐蚀坑深度值,采用最小二乘支持向量机、BP人工神经网络和求和自回归移动平均等3种模型进行回归和预测分析。对比总结各种模型在小样本递增时间序列下的应用特点。结果对于LD2CS铝合金腐蚀坑深度值预测,最小二乘支持向量机在回归和预测上都有较高的精度。结论最小二乘支持向量机模型最适合LD2CS铝合金的腐蚀坑深度值预测。     

欧洲水管理实践对中国流域水环境管理的启示

针对流域水环境管理的顶层设计,Water Framework Directive（WFD）是一部具有法律约束力的水框架法令,已成为欧洲水环境管理的有效的工具,实现了流域水环境的经济和生态的协调、综合管理。综述了欧洲水框架指令WFD研究进展,介绍了WFD提出的背景、要点、编制路线图和相应WFD水环境管理经验,对了解和掌握国际先进的流域水环境管理经验和最新形势具有一定借鉴意义。     

铅低累积玉米品种的筛选研究

通过田间实验,研究了在高浓度Pb （2000mg/kg）胁迫下,25个玉米品种生长、产量变化及根、茎叶和籽粒Pb含量的差异。结果表明：在同一污染条件下,25个玉米品种生长对Pb的响应存在显著差异;不同品种根、茎叶和籽粒对Pb吸收、累积及分配能力存在显著差异,分配规律为：根＞茎叶＞籽粒;通过聚类分析获得对Pb耐性较高的品种6个、籽粒Pb低积累的品种6个;综合分析,最终筛选出寻单7号为Pb低累积品种。     

石油类污染物自然衰减能力现场试验验证研究

在北京地区某加油站开展的前期石油类污染物自然衰减现场试验的基础上,进一步开展了验证试验,结果表明本次试验得到的挥发性有机物(VOCs)变化趋势及O2、CO2含量沿土壤深度分布和前期试验结果呈现相同的规律,说明基于自然衰减法设计实施的加油站现场试验检测分析结果可靠,试验方法具有合理性、可操作性及可重复性.进一步的理论分析对前期试验结果进行了验证,得出以下结论:(1)通过氧平衡和碳平衡计算对加油站土壤内的自然衰减方式进行评价,验证了该加油站地下土壤中实际发生的微生物降解既有需氧降解也有厌氧降解；(2)利用有机物的一级衰减模型对该污染现场土壤中石油类污染物的降解速率和半衰期进行计算表明,2次试验计算得到的石油类污染物的半衰期基本一致,该污染现场石油类污染物的半衰期为50 d左右；(3)在此基础上,对该加油站包气带土壤的自然衰减能力和环境质量进行评价,2次试验结果均表明该污染现场在自然衰减的作用下已经不存在环境风险.     

How Research‐Prioritization Exercises Affect Conservation Policy

Abstract: Conservation scientists are concerned about the apparent lack of impact their research is having on policy. By better aligning research with policy needs, conservation science might become more relevant to policy and increase its real‐world salience in the conservation of biological diversity. Consequently, some conservation scientists have embarked on a variety of exercises to identify research questions that, if answered, would provide the evidence base with which to develop and implement effective conservation policies. I synthesized two existing approaches to conceptualizing research impacts. One widely used approach classifies the impacts of research as conceptual, instrumental, and symbolic. Conceptual impacts occur when policy makers are sensitized to new issues and change their beliefs or thinking. Instrumental impacts arise when scientific research has a direct effect on policy decisions. The use of scientific research results to support established policy positions are symbolic impacts. The second approach classifies research issues according to whether scientific knowledge is developed fully and whether the policy issue has been articulated clearly. I believe exercises to identify important research questions have objectives of increasing the clarity of policy issues while strengthening science–policy interactions. This may facilitate the transmission of scientific knowledge to policy makers and, potentially, accelerate the development and implementation of effective conservation policy. Other, similar types of exercises might also be useful. For example, identification of visionary science questions independent of current policy needs, prioritization of best practices for transferring scientific knowledge to policy makers, and identification of questions about human values and their role in political processes could all help advance real‐world conservation science. It is crucial for conservation scientists to understand the wide variety of ways in which their research can affect policy and be improved systematically.     

Assessing water use and quality through youth participatory research in a rural Andean watershed

Water availability, use and quality in a rural watershed of the Colombian Andes were investigated through participatory research involving local youth. Research included the quantification of disaggregated water use at the household level; comparison of water use with availability; monitoring water quality of streams, community water intakes and household faucets; and the determination of land use – water quality interactions. Youth were involved in all aspects of the research from design to implementation, dissemination of results and remediation options. Quantification of domestic and on-farm water use, and water availability indicated that water availability was sufficient during the study period, but that only an 8% decrease in dry season supply would result in shortages. Elevated conductivity levels in the headwaters were related to “natural” bank erosion, while downstream high conductivity and coliform levels were associated with discharges from livestock stalls and poorly maintained septic tanks in the stream buffer zone. Through the involvement of youth as co-investigators, the knowledge generated by the research was appropriated at the local level. Community workshops led by local youth promoted water conservation and water quality protection practices based on research, and resulted in broader community participation in water management. The approach involving youth in research stimulated improved management of both land and water resources, and could be applied in small rural watersheds in developed or developing countries.     

水生植物修复氮、磷污染水体研究进展

氮、磷是引起水体富营养化、导致水质恶化的重要因素,因此去除氮、磷一直是污水处理的重要任务.鉴于传统物理、化学方法存在的操作难、成本高、易产生二次污染等问题,人们越来越多地将目光转向利用水生植物去除氮、磷营养物质、净化水质上.介绍了近年来国内外应用水生植物修复氮、磷污染水体的方法、效果及其影响因素,探讨了水生植物净化污染水体的机制.针对目前研究中的不足,提出今后应在不同植物种类开发、植物组合优化以及植物的净化机制等方面加强研究.