盐渍土电阻率试验研究

为了更深入的了解土体电阻率的特性,使其在理论与工程应用上发挥作用,对甘肃瓜州盐渍土进行电阻率室内试验,通过控制含水率、含盐量、干密度三个因素进行正交测试,分别研究了电阻率随含水率、含盐量、孔隙率及饱和度的变化规律及特点。试验表明:盐渍土电阻率随含水量、饱和度的增加呈减小趋势,随孔隙率的增加而增加,在孔隙液未饱和阶段随含盐量增加而下降,在过饱和阶段变化不明显,各因素互相影响,共同作用。由室内试验获得的数据提出经验模型公式,为工程中电法勘探的结果验证与反演解释提供依据。     

基于CFD的防风抑尘网非均匀孔隙率的优化研究

孔隙率是影响抑尘网防护效果的最主要因素,不同孔隙率抑尘网对料堆表面的显著作用区域不同,高孔隙率(ε30.3)网后料堆中下部扬尘得到明显抑制,低孔隙率(ε < 0.3)网的抑尘作用则于料堆上部突显.基于均匀孔隙率的抑尘区域提出不同孔隙率组合的非均匀抑尘网,选取6种典型非均匀工况,应用Fluent6.3对网和料堆周围流场进行数值模拟,结果显示:网下部孔隙率(ε_L)相同,上部孔隙率(ε_H)由0增至0.1时,网后气流扰动减弱,基于湍流结构和料堆受力判定ε_H取0.1较好;网上部孔隙率(ε_H)相同,下部孔隙率(ε_L)由0.3增至0.6时,紧贴料堆表面风速随ε_L增大而增大,ε_L为0.3时最优.比较非均匀抑尘网最佳工况(ε_H=0.1/ε_L=0.3)与均匀网(ε=0.1和ε=0.3)的料堆表面受力显示:ε_H=0.1/ε_L=0.3非均匀网可使起尘量最大的迎风面的各个区域剪切力均显著减小,中下部比ε=0.1时减小85.2%,上部比ε=0.3时减小84.3%,料堆表面剪切力总和的减少量可达均匀网时的50%左右.     

不同孔隙率对采空区自燃的影响规律研究

为探究煤矿采空区在不同孔隙率条件下对煤自燃环境的影响,基于多孔介质渗流特性的相关理论,以煤矿综采工作面为原型建立了U型通风采空区三维模型和渗流数学模型,利用Fluent软件对采空区以不同的孔隙率大小和分布方式进行数值模拟计算,从而得到采空区的漏风和氧气浓度的分布状态,以及氧化带的位置变化情况,进而研究不同孔隙率对采空区煤自燃环境的影响规律。研究表明:采空区漏风主要源于工作面下隅角处,进入采空区的漏风量大小与采空区的孔隙率有关。孔隙率越大,靠近工作面的漏风流速越大,氧气浓度越高,而深入采空区,孔隙率大小对采空区漏风影响越小,氧化带随着孔隙率的增大不断向采空区深部移入;孔隙率分布方式对采空区漏风速度的影响较大,且距离工作面越近影响越大,采空区深部则差别不大。     

垃圾堆体固有渗透与孔隙度协同演化特征实验研究

为探讨上覆载荷作用下垃圾堆体渗透特性的变化规律,采用自制的生活垃圾渗透率/孔隙度测试实验装置,研究了不同载荷、不同压实密度及不同含水率对垃圾堆体固有渗透率和孔隙度变化规律的影响,并构建了固有渗透率与孔隙度之间的协同表征模型。结果表明,压实密度与上覆载荷呈指数递增的变化形式;随着含水率的增大,垃圾固有渗透率显著降低;垃圾固有渗透率随孔隙度的减小呈现指数递减,传统K-C模型无法描述这一变化规律,而幂函数形式(κ=AnB)和线性形式(lg(κ)=a+blg(n))2种协同表征模型均与实验结果达到了良好的拟合效果,验证了2种模型的可靠性;随着模型尺度的增大,固有渗透率从10-15m2量级增加至10-12m2量级,孔隙度从0.378增加至0.685。     

The influence of different surface-modification treatments on biomass-based carbons and their effects on adsorption of carbon dioxide

Surface modification of biomass-based carbon with nitrogen-containing functional groups is performed by the different modification method, including the thermal and chemical methods. We also investigate the effect of the different reaction parameters on their pore structure using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area and adsorption performance based on methylene blue value. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy methods are performed to confirm the presence of N-containing groups. Based on above results, the comparison effect of different modification methods on physico-chemical propriety and adsorption properties of biomass-based carbon materials are carried out. In conclusion, all modification methods could enhance CO₂ adsorption capability. However, the carbon materials treated with ammonia using thermal method show the best performance.     

Quantification of changes in zero valent iron morphology using X-ray computed tomography

Morphological changes within the porous architecture of laboratory scale zero valent iron （ZVI） permeable reactive barriers （PRBs）, after exposure to different groundwater conditions, have been quantified experimentally for different ZVI/sand ratios （10%, 50% and 100%, W/W） with the aim of inferring porosity changes in field barriers. Column studies were conducted to simulate interaction with different water chemistries, a synthetic groundwater, acidic drainage and deionised （DI） water as control. Morphological changes, in terms of pore size and distribution, were measured using X-ray computed tomography （CT）. CT image analysis revealed significant morphological changes in columns treated with different water chemistries. For example, 100% ZVI （W/W） columns had a higher frequency of small pores （0.6 mm） was observed in ZVI grains reacted with typical groundwater, resulting in a porosity of 27%, compared to 32% when exposed to DI water. In comparison, ZVI grains treated with the acidic drainage had higher porosity （44%） and larger average pore size （2.8 mm）. 10% ZVI PRB barrier material had the highest mean porosity （56%） after exposure to any water chemistry whilst 100% ZVI （W/W） columns always had the lowest （34%） with the 50% ZVI （W/W） in between （40%）. These results agree with previously published PRB field data and simultaneously conducted geochemical monitoring and mass balance calculation, indicating that both the geochemical and hydraulic environment of the PRB play an important role in determining barrier lifespan. This study suggests that X-ray CT image analysis is a powerful tool for studying the detailed inter pores between ZVI grains within PRBs.     

固体废弃物对新拌水泥浆体密实度与强度的影响

研究固体废弃物(石灰石粉、粉煤灰、赤泥和矿渣)作掺合料颗粒体系与新拌浆体填充密实性能的关系;分析了在水胶比为0.3时,以上4种固体废弃物以不同比例等质量取代水泥的净浆强度。实验结果表明,石灰石粉、粉煤灰、赤泥作为掺合料,能够改善胶凝材料的颗粒级配,填充新拌水泥浆体中的孔隙,使浆体更为密实,并且对其净浆的强度有利。     

An analytical model for the interpretation of pulse injection experiments performed for testing the spatial variability of clay formations

This paper presents an analytical model to describe pulse injection experiments. This model solves the advection-diffusion equation while taking into account back diffusion from the clay core to the inlet and from the outlet to the clay core. In most analytical models, back diffusion is neglected. For sufficiently high Péclet numbers, this is a good approximation. However, in experiments where the Péclet number is low, back diffusion is important and must be taken into account. An additional advantage of the present model is that both concentration and flux are conserved at the inlet and at the outlet of the clay core. This model is used to fit pulse injection experiments with iodide and tritiated water (HTO) in clay cores. The (new) model is required for fitting the experimental results since in clay layers advection is very slow leading to a low Péclet number. The experiments are performed on clay cores taken from different depths from the Boom Clay and the Ypres Clay layer under the site of the nuclear power plant of Doel (Belgium). The quality of all fits is excellent and the obtained parameter values are coherent. For HTO, the fitted value for the diffusion accessible porosity is consistent with measurements of the water content in Ypres Clay cores. In both types of clays, the apparent diffusion coefficient at zero flow is between 10(-10) and 2 x 10(-10) m(2)/s for iodide and between 2 x 10(-10) and 3 x 10(-10) m(2)/s for HTO. The dispersion length is in the order of 10(-3) m. The average value for the diffusion accessible porosity is between 0.35 and 0.4 for HTO and between 0.2 and 0.25 for iodide.     

改性活性炭在环境保护中的应用

活性炭是一种应用广泛的吸附催化剂 ,其性能取决于它的孔隙结构和表面化学性质。为了提高其吸附效率和改善其吸附选择性及其催化性能 ,往往需要对活性炭的孔隙结构进行调整以及改变其表面化学性质。综述了活性炭的改性方法及其特点、改性活性炭在环境保护中的应用及其再生等方面的研究概况