我国生活垃圾分类发展历程、障碍及对策

推广生活垃圾分类收集与资源化利用有助于促进资源节约型、环境友好型社会建设.本文综述了我国生活垃圾分类发展历程;收集了国家和地方在推广生活垃圾分类过程中所做的工作;提炼出了生活垃圾分类过程中还存在的障碍和瓶颈;并给出了相应的对策.本文分析表明,我国生活垃圾分类经历了开始（20世纪90年代）、试点探索（2000~2015年）和快速发展（2016年至今）3个阶段.目前国家和地方正逐步采用可操作性强的垃圾分类方法、融合互联网+的宣传方式、实用性的法规章程、完善的分类收集-分类运输-分类处理循环链来推进生活垃圾分类,甚至生活垃圾分类工作还逐步向市场化方向发展.我国将走出一条切实可行、可复制、可推广的高效生活垃圾分类模式.后期加强全民参与及大众自觉回收的责任意识、出台更细化具体、操作性强的实施方案、重视学校儿童的垃圾分类教育、充分利用国内拾荒人员,对快速推进我国生活垃圾分类进程具有重要意义.     

关于公共安全教育的思考

公共安全问题越来越受到人们的关注,公共安全教育的缺失使政府在决策上、处理具体问题上出现失误;使灾害、事故频发,灾难扩大,灾情加重。公共安全教育面临一些亟待解决的问题公共安全专业体系研究;公共安全专门人才的培养;公共安全知识怎样走向亿万公众。加强公共安全教育,应增加投入,整合资源,强化对公共安全的专题研究;建议在高等院校安全学科设“公共安全”专业;普及公共安全知识针对不同的受众面有不同的侧重点。让每个人都拥有公共安全知识,因为公共安全需要所有人参与和维护。     

突发公共事件信息解读机制的社会学分析

有效的危机管理是建立在公共安全预警决策分析机制的充分准备基础之上的，结合我国公共安全预警决策分析机制的要求，必须开展公共安全系统模型研究和风险预测研究；建立突发公共事件预警应急与对策分析系统；发挥Avaya应急呼叫中心集成解决方案作用；重视依靠专家力量把握平战结合的信息管理。     

COOPERATIVE MODELING: BUILDING BRIDGES BETWEEN SCIENCE AND THE PUBLIC1

As freshwater resources become more scarce and water management becomes more contentious, new planning approaches are essential to maintain ecologic, economic, and social stability. One technique involves cooperative modeling in which scientists and stakeholders work together to develop a computer simulation model to assist in planning efforts. In the Middle Rio Grande region of New Mexico, where water management is hotly debated, a stakeholder team used a system dynamics approach to create a computer simulation model to facilitate producing a regional plan. While the model itself continues to be valuable, the process for creating the model was also valuable in helping stakeholders jointly develop understanding of and approaches to addressing complex issues. In this paper, the authors document results from post‐project interviews designed to identify strengths and weaknesses of cooperative modeling; to determine if and how the model facilitated the planning process; and to solicit advice for others considering model aided planning. Modeling team members revealed that cooperative modeling did facilitate water planning. Interviewees suggested that other groups try to reach consensus on a guiding vision or philosophy for their project and recognize that cooperative modeling is time intensive. The authors also note that using cooperative modeling as a tool to build bridges between science and the public requires consistent communication about both the process and the product.     

城市公共安全系统可靠性研究

城市公共安全体系由诸多子系统组成 ,其功能的实现依赖于城市公共安全系统的整体可靠性。笔者采用组合功能分析和过程分解的方法 ,对城市公共安全系统的功能、结构和组成进行了讨论 ;应用结构化功能-事件树的混合方法对城市公共安全系统的可靠性特征进行了定性分析 ;建立了城市公共安全系统可靠性模型 ,相应的数学模型可作为城市公共安全保障工作中预防为主的科学依据。据此可以得出 :城市公共安全系统中事故和灾害预防子系统的地位应优于事故预警、应急反应和灾害控制等后处理环节的结论 ,同时可以给出了城市规划中公共安全系统设计的建议。     

城市公共安全管理体系研究

分析、定义了城市公共安全管理体系的系统特征,以实体、技术、管理三个维度对体系进行了结构解析.设计了通过符合性审核和有效性审核的实施体系改进的流程.     

城市公共场所人群拥挤踩踏事故分析

城市公共场所人群高度聚集、流动性大,紧急状态时常发生群死群伤的拥挤踩踏事故,造成大量人员伤亡和恶劣的社会影响。笔者首先提出拥挤踩踏事故分析的一般方法,并用群集指数来表征人群高度聚集这一参量;通过对近年来国内外人群拥挤踩踏事故的分析,认为该类事故以人群高度聚集为条件,由公众造成又危害公众,具有诱因众多、发生突然、难以控制等特点;强调事故预防和控制重点是建立事故应急机制,加强人群的管理和疏导等;同时从公共场所的性能优化设计、人群素质和群集密度、人群管理控制以及信息交流等方面分析其事故原因及提出相应对策,对预防此类事故发生,减少群集伤亡有重要意义。     

建立突发公共事件应急机制的探讨

本文根据我国目前公共安全的现状、问题与经验,提出了建立健全应急机制的指导思想和工作原则,并根据突发公共事件的分类、分级,探讨了建立和完善突发公共事件的应急体制、机制和法制的途径和方法.     

突发公共事件与个体防护装备

本文论述了个体防护装备的作用、种类和发展;从军事斗争、劳动防护和社会公众防护等方面论述了个体防护装备的重要性,指出突发公共事件正在呼唤个体防护装备;对我国个体防护装备的发展和应用提出了意见和建议。     

Renewable Resources and the Idea of Nature – What Has Biotechnology Got to Do With It?

The notion that the idea of nature isnot quite the unbiased rule to designsustainable futures is obvious. But,nevertheless, questions about nature, how itfunctions and what it might aim at, is leadingthe controversial debates about bothsustainability and biotechnology. These tworesearch areas hardly have the same theorybackground. Whereas in the first concept, theidea of eternal cyclical processes is basic,the latter focuses on optimization. However,both concepts can work together, but only undera narrow range of public acceptance in Europe.The plausibility of arguments for usingbiotechnology within sustainable technologiesvaries according to the assumed part natureitself plays for reaching optimized states. Theculture related vision of nature's functionshas impact on agricultural biotechnology,dealing not only with food crops but also withnon-food plants like renewable resources thatare used for energy or fiber production. Theseplants are grown to reach sustainabledevelopment. However, there is a fundamentaldifference between regarding biofuels as``renewable' and ``regenerative,' due to thetension between the concepts of ``the natural'and ``the sustainable.' Arguments ofoptimization, efficiency, and efficacy arecritically discussed in order to take thepresent need for sustainable technologies forserious.