真空膜蒸馏处理发制品废水

采用聚丙烯平板膜组件,利用真空膜蒸馏处理发制品废水。考察了进料温度（45.0~70.0 ℃）、进料流量（60~150 L/h）、透过侧真空度（10.0~85.0 kPa）、废水pH、表面活性剂对膜性能的影响。在冷却水流量60 L/h、进料流量120 L/h、进料温度60.0 ℃、透过侧真空度75.0 kPa、废水pH约1.5的条件下,分别对实际发制品废水和模拟发制品废水进行了36 h的运行测试。实验结果表明：两种废水的平均膜渗透通量分别为32.09 kg/（m²·h）和32.66 kg/（m²·h）,截留率分别保持在99.54%和99.83%以上;产水的pH约为6.8,COD和TDS几乎为0,完全满足《污水综合排放标准》（GB 8978—1996）中的二级排放标准。     

Stigmatisation and rejection of survivors of sexual violence in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo

Studies report that between 6 per cent and 29 per cent of survivors of sexual violence in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) are rejected by their families and communities. This research project was designed to provide insights into survivors' experiences of stigmatisation and rejection. Surveys were conducted with 310 women as they sought psychosocial services in eastern DRC. In total, 44.3 per cent of women reported suffering rejection after sexual violence. The majority of women felt that their status in the household (58.0 per cent) and community (54.9 per cent) diminished after rape. The odds of rejection were greater among women reporting ongoing displacement, pregnancy owing to sexual violence, worsening family relations, and diminished community status. This work highlights the extremely high levels of loss associated with the war in eastern DRC, particularly among survivors of sexual violence. The rejection of a survivor of rape has concrete and devastating psychosocial consequences.     

An investigation of a heat pump system using CO2/propane mixture as a working fluid

In order to decrease the heat rejection pressure of heat pump using pure working fluid, CO₂ or R744, other natural component including hydrocarbons (R290, R600a, R600, R1270, R170, R601) and dimethyl ether (RE170) is added to CO₂, respectively, and then six binary mixtures are achieved. By environmental and thermodynamic comparisons, R290 is selected to be the most appropriate component candidate to mix with CO₂, and meanwhile to weaken the flammability and explosivity for pure R290. Then, the system performances of heat pump using mixture of CO₂ and R290 were experimentally studied when R290 is added to CO₂ with a small fraction, and compared with that of the pure CO₂. The experimental test rig is designed and set up for the transcritical heat pump system. When the refrigerant charge is variable, the heating coefficient performance, optimum heat rejection pressure, compressor power, mass flow rate of refrigerant, and total heat coefficient of gas cooler were researched. The variation ratios of heating coefficient performance and heating capacity with deviation from the optimum refrigerant charge were also investigated. The optimum refrigerant charge of CO₂/R290 is obtained and the research results show that the addition of R290 to CO₂ can efficiently reduce the heat rejection pressure and improve the system performance. The results in the present work could provide useful guidelines for the design and operation of heat pump system using CO₂-based mixture.     

Electroconductive RGO-MXene membranes with wettability-regulated channels: improved water permeability and electro-enhanced rejection performance

● Electroconductive RGO-MXene membranes were fabricated. ● Wettable membrane channels were established between RGO and MXene nanosheets. ● Hydrophilic MXene reduces the resistance of water entering the membrane channels. ● Water permeance of RGO-MXene membrane is 16.8 times higher than that of RGO membrane. ● Electro-assistance can enhance the dye rejection performance of RGO-MXene membrane. Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) membranes are theoretically more conducive to the rapid transport of water molecules in their channels compared with graphene oxide (GO) membranes, as they have fewer oxygen-containing functional groups and more non-oxidized regions. However, the weak hydrophilicity of RGO membranes inhibits water entry into their channels, resulting in their low water permeability. In this work, we constructed wettable RGO-MXene channels by intercalating hydrophilic MXene nanosheets into the RGO membrane for improving the water permeance. The RGO-MXene composite membrane exhibits high pure water permeance of 62.1 L/(m²·h·bar), approximately 16.8 times that of the RGO membrane (3.7 L/(m²·h·bar)). Wettability test results and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the improved water permeance results from the enhanced wettability of RGO-MXene membrane and increased rate of water molecules entering the RGO-MXene channels. Benefiting from good conductivity, the RGO-MXene membrane with electro-assistance exhibits significantly increased rejection rates for negatively charged dyes (from 56.0% at 0 V to 91.4% at 2.0 V for Orange G) without decreasing the permeate flux, which could be attributed to enhanced electrostatic repulsion under electro-assistance.     

Optimal heat rejection pressure for transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle with an expander

Heat rejection pressure plays an important role in designing a transcritical CO₂ refrigeration system, and it has an optimal value to maximize the system’s coefficient of performance (COP). With a thermodynamic simulation model, the optimal heat rejection pressure is studied in the paper for an expander cycle, as well as conventional throttle valve cycle. The effects of compressor efficiency, expander efficiency, gas cooler outlet temperature, and evaporation temperature on the optimal heat rejection pressure are analyzed. It is the first time for a transcritical CO₂ expander cycle that the optimal heat rejection pressure is correlated with the gas cooler outlet temperature and the evaporation temperature at given compressor efficiency and expander efficiency. The average deviation from the correlation to simulation results is less than 1.0%. The correlation provides a guideline to system development and performance optimization of a transcritical CO₂ expander cycle.     

纳滤膜对有机物的截留机理研究

选用美国ＴｒｉＳｅｐ公司ＴＳ８０纳滤膜，在操作压力０．７ＭＰａ下考察了纳滤膜对有机物的截留机理，ＴＳ８０纳滤膜平均去除率为９０．３％，根据色谱质谱联机分析结果可知．ＴＳ８０纳滤膜能使色谱质谱峰丰度降低５０％左右，其对有机物的去除是由有机物的结构特征（如分子量、极性）与有机物问膜问的相互作用关系共同决定的。     

Performance studies of a low heat rejection engine operated on non-volatile vegetable oils with exhaust gas recirculation

During recent decades, considerable effort has been expended world-wide to reduce dependency on petroleum fuels for power generation and transportation through the search for suitable alternative fuels that are environmentally friendly. In this respect, vegetable oils are a promising alternative to diesel fuel. However, the high viscosity, poor volatility and cold flow characteristics of vegetable oils can cause some problems such as injector coking, severe engine deposits, filter gumming and piston ring sticking and thickening of lubrication from long-term use in diesel engines. These problems can be eliminated or minimised by transesterification of the vegetable oils to form monoesters. Although transesterification improves the fuel properties of vegetable oil, the viscosity and volatility of biodiesel are still worse than those of petroleum diesel fuel. The performance of a diesel engine with such biodiesel operation can be improved further with the concept of the low heat rejection (LHR) engine. In the LHR engine, combustion surfaces on the pistons, cylinder walls and valves can be coated with ceramic materials. The objective of this study was to apply the LHR engine concept for improving engine performance when either honge biodiesel, known as honge oil methyl ester (HOME), or neem biodiesel, known as neem oil methyl ester (NOME) oils was used as an alternative fuel. For this purpose, experiments were conducted on a single cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection, water-cooled compression ignition engine using diesel, HOME and NOME oils at different injection timings of 19, 23 and 27° before top dead centre (BTDC) with and without the induction of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The percentage of EGR was varied from 5 to 20% in steps of 5%. The results showed that specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency were improved for both of the biodiesel fuels in the LHR engine. An EGR of 10% resulted in better performance with trade-off between oxides of nitrogen and hydrocarbons/carbon monoxide emissions and hence 10% EGR is taken as the best of the range from 5 to 20%. However, readings with other EGR ratios are not reported.     

污水深度处理中超滤工艺对有机物的截留模型

基于浓差极化现象和膜孔堵塞效应,建立了污水深度处理中超滤工艺对有机物的截留模型.利用中试试验数据率定模型参数并验证模型的模拟效果.模型验证结果表明,该模型能够较好地模拟超滤工艺出水UV254值随时间的变化特征,基于最优参数得到的模拟值与相应实测值相对误差的绝对值均低于10%.并且模型参数区域灵敏度分析和不确定性分析结果表明,该模型的结构具有较高的可靠性.应用该模型研究了过滤时间、通量和进水浓度变化对出水水质的影响.结果表明,在过滤初期膜孔堵塞效应占主导地位并增加超滤膜对有机物的截留效果,在过滤后期浓差极化现象占主导地位并降低超滤膜对有机物的截留效果;当进水UV254浓度恒为0.1cm-1时,通量从5×10-5m/s增至1×10-4m/s,导致UV254截留率降低13%;当通量恒为5×10-5m/s时,进水UV254浓度从0.2cm-1降至0.1cm-1,使得出水浓度降低50%.因此,模型可应用于模拟进水水质和操作条件对污水深度处理中超滤工艺出水水质的影响,为从预处理、过滤周期和通量等方面改进和优化超滤工艺提供基础.     

酒石酸钾钠(PST)对纳滤处理重金属废水的强化效果

以酒石酸钾钠(PST)为络合剂,分别选取Cd、Zn、As和Pb 4种金属废水,探索络合纳滤工艺对金属离子去除率和膜通量的强化效果,测定纳滤膜表面接触角以表征膜通量变化规律,并研究了压力、金属浓度和溶液pH参数对络合纳滤过程的影响。结果表明,PST对4种金属去除的强化效果存在相似规律,分别有一个最佳PST添加浓度。随PST浓度的增加,金属离子去除率先增大后减小,而膜通量一直增大。研究发现,纳滤膜表面接触角与膜通量呈稳定的反比例关系,与金属离子种类和PST添加量无关。随着操作压力的增大,膜通量线性增加,去除率基本不变;金属离子浓度的增加对膜通量影响不大,金属去除率略有上升;pH在4~5之间变化时,As去除中膜通量和去除率均有所升高,而Cd、Zn和Pb 3种溶液处理效果基本不受pH影响。