Silica nanoparticles and silver-doped silica nanoparticles induce endoplasmatic reticulum stress response and alter cytochrome P4501A activity

Engineered silica nanoparticles (SiO₂-NPs) find widespread application and may lead to exposure of humans and the environment. Here we compare the effects of SiO₂-NPs and SiO₂-NPs doped with silver (SiO₂-Ag-NPs) on survival and cellular function of human liver cells (Huh7) and Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) fibroblast cells (FMH). In Huh7 cells we investigate effects on the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER), including ER stress, and interactions of nanoparticles (NPs) with metabolizing enzymes and efflux transporters. The NPs formed agglomerates/aggregates in cell culture media as revealed by SEM and TEM. SiO₂ and SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs were taken up into cells as demonstrated by agglomerates occurring in vesicular-like structures or freely dispersed in the cytosol. Cytotoxicity was more pronounced in Huh7 than in FMH cells, and increased with silver content in silver-doped NPs. Dissolved silver was the most significant factor for cytotoxicity. At toxic and non-cytotoxic concentrations SiO₂-NPs and SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs induced perturbations in the function of ER. In Huh7 cells NPs induced the unfolded protein response (UPR), or ER stress response, as demonstrated in induced expression of BiP and splicing of XBP1 mRNA, two selective markers of ER stress. Additionally, SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs and AgNO₃ induced reactive oxygen species. Pre-treatment of Huh7 cells with SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs followed by exposure to the inducer benzo(a)pyrene caused a significant reduced induction of CYP1A activity. NPs did not alter the activity of ABC transporters. These data demonstrate for the first time that SiO₂-NPs and SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs result in perturbations of the ER leading to the ER stress response. This represents a novel and significant cellular signalling pathway contributing to the cytotoxicity of NPs.     

高分子量多环芳烃--苯并[a]芘的生物降解研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类广泛分布于海洋环境中的含有两个以上苯环的有机化学污染物.苯并[a]芘(BaP)是一种由5个苯环组成的分布广泛、致癌性极强的多环芳烃化合物,人们将其作为多环芳烃的指示物,通过研究其在环境中的产生、迁移、转化、降解及毒理作用来判断多环芳烃的污染情况.BaP已成为国内外环境监测的重要指标之一.本文综述了不同环境中BaP的来源与分布,BaP在环境中的行为,微生物对BaP的代谢途径,以及微生物降解BaP的相关限制因子,并结合作者在这方面研究的部分工作与目前国际研究的热点,提出值得进一步探究的有关问题.图4表3参51     

A Pilot Study on Using Urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene Biomarker for Exposure to PAHs in Beijing

To study whether the urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) could be the biomarker of atmospheric PAHs, a small-scale pilot study was carried out on the relation of 1-OHP vs PAHs with the traffic policemen in Beijing of smokers and nonsmokers to be subgroups in both the exposure and control groups. Both the PAHs and 1-OHP were analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The ambient concentrations of PAHs were different at the different sites (the average sum of PAHs (TPAH) were 12.36, 16.27, 18.37 ng/m³ at the suburban residential, police station and high traffic area, respectively.), but considerably lower than the personal-exposure concentrations (the average TPAH were 65.84 and 47.28 ng/m³ for patrol cars and inspection station, respectively). Pyrene was correlated well with BaP and the summed PAHs (TPAH), with the correlation coefficients (R) of 0.79, 0.87 for ambient level and 0.92, 0.96 for personal exposure, respectively. The average of 1-hydroxypyrene of smokers and nonsmokers were 0.39, 0.15 μmol/mol creatinine in control group and 0.57, 0.33 μmol/mol creatinine in exposure group, respectively. The better correlation of pyrene to BaP and TPAH especially for personal exposure samples indicated that the probability of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene, the metabolite of pyrene, to be the biomarker of total PAH. Nonsmokers in the exposure and control groups had indistinguishable levels of 1-OHP, presumably because the ambient levels of pyrene were so similar (the average were 3.25, 3.20 ng/m³ at the police station and high traffic area, respectively.). Smokers in the control group had significantly higher 1-OHP than that of the nonsmokers, but showed indistinguishable differences in the exposure group. These results suggested that urinary 1-OHP could be a biomarker of PAHs only when the level of PAHs was at a relatively higher level. Smoking as an important influencing factor need to be controlled carefully.     

嘉陵江重庆段表层水体多环芳烃的污染特征

为了确定嘉陵江重庆段表层水体中多环芳烃(PAHs)的组成、来源及污染特征,于2009年8月采集了8个表层水样,利用GC-MS仪器测定了16种优先控制PAHs的浓度.结果表明,水体中16种优先控制PAHs浓度范围为467.13～987.97ng.L-1,平均浓度值为702.91 ng.L-1,水体PAHs浓度和溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量呈现明显的线性正相关.PAHs的组成以2～3环PAHs为主,占水体ΣPAHs总量的68.90%.寸滩区域水体PAHs主要来源于木材和煤的燃烧污染,朝天门区域水体PAHs主要来源于石油源,嘉陵江重庆段其他区域水体PAHs主要来源于液体石化燃料的燃烧.虽然嘉陵江重庆段整体污染水平较低,但是5个取样点的地表水苯并(a)芘(BaP)含量超过国家地表水质量标准.     

六株真菌对土壤中芘和苯并芘的降解及其动力学

研究了6株真菌对土壤中芘和苯并芘(BaP)的降解动态,用Michaelis-Menton和Monod动力学模型对结果进行拟合.结果表明,6株真菌对芘和BaP的降解速率有显著性差异,降解率相差不大.产黄青霉(Penicillium chrysogenum,SF04),在42d内对BaP的降解能力最强,可达71.31%,对芘的降解能力相对最弱.镰刀菌(Fusariumsp.,SF11),黑曲霉(Aspergillusniger,SF05),木霉(Trichodermasp.,SF02)和毛霉(Mucorsp.,SF06)42d对芘的降解率分别为86.22%,86.18%,85.41%,85.04%,对BaP的降解率分别为71.11%,69.44%,69.05%,69.72%.木霉(Trichodermasp.,SF02)和毛霉(Mucorsp.,SF06)对芘和BaP的降解速率均很快.     

煤化工厂烟气中苯并(a)芘现状监测分析

通过试验建立了煤化工厂烟气中苯并(a)芘的液相色谱监测分析方法.通过条件优化,用配有荧光检测器的高效液相色谱仪分析烟气样品中苯并(a)芘的含量,该方法以乙腈、水梯度比例混合作为流动相;流速为1.0 ml/min;激发波长为255nm、发射波长为420nm;保留时间为27.38 min,测定检出限为2×10-3μg/m3...     

表面活性剂对Bacillus pumilus strain Bap9 降解苯并[a]芘的影响

研究了非离子型表面活性剂Triton X-100(TX-100)和Tween80(TW-80)对苯并[a]芘的增溶特性及对苯并[a]芘高效降解菌Bacillus pumilus strain Bap9生长的影响,结果表明,2种表面活性剂对苯并[a]芘均有良好的增溶效果,均能作为碳源和能源被菌株Bap9所利用,TX-100增溶能力和增殖能力相对更强;不同浓度的TX-100对菌株降解苯并[a]芘的影响不同,当浓度为1 000 mg/L时,对降解的促进作用最强,可将苯并[a]芘降解率提高20.8%;在苯并[a]芘降解过程中,TX-100亦能作为碳源被菌株Bap9利用,不产生二次污染,因此可用于苯并[a]芘污染环境的生物修复。     

大同市大气颗粒物中苯并(a)芘污染与气象条件的相关性初探

文章通过大同市云冈宾馆2002年1月和8月的大气颗粒物中苯并(a)芘的浓度及同期的气象观测资料,对温度、风速、湿度等气象要素对大气颗粒物中苯并(a)芘的影响进行了研究,初步分析了它们的相关关系,此工作对城市大气颗粒物中的苯并(a)芘污染的控制和预测具有重要意义.     

Relationships between indoor and outdoor air pollution by carcinogenic PAHs and PCBs

PAHs and PCBs were collected simultaneously indoors and outdoors at eight non-smoking homes located in four buildings in high-traffic areas of Rome. The purpose was to evaluate the relevance of indoor air in contributing to the overall exposure of the urban population. The vertical distribution was also investigated by collecting outdoor samples at both road and roof level, and indoor samples in both a high and a low floor flat of each building. At one coal-heated building, samples were collected during both the heating and the non-heating season. No evident PAH source was present indoors. Indoor and outdoor daily concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) ranged, respectively, 0.1–4.6 ng m⁻³ and 0.7–2.3 ng m⁻³. With the heating on, indoor PAH concentrations equalled or exceeded those outdoors, with BaP indoor/outdoor ratios up to 4; during the warm season, ratios decreased to 0.2–0.6. Indoor PAHs at the low floors exceeded the high-floor ones when the heating was off (vehicle exhausts being the dominant source), while being equal or lower with the heating on; the vertical gradient of indoor PAHs between different floors was within a factor of 2. Outdoor PAHs at roof level were 20–70% of those at road level, which in turn exceeded those at the medium-traffic station up to a factor of 4. The outdoor concentrations of Σ6 indicator PCBs ranged 0.1–1.6 ng m⁻³. Indoor PCB concentrations exceeded those outdoors by an approximate factor of 2–50. No vertical gradient was observed. The results indicated that indoor air may contribute to the overall exposure to PAHs and PCBs more than the urban air. They were also consistent with recent findings suggesting that indoor air can be a relevant source of PCBs for outdoor air.     

苯并[a]芘污染土壤的植物根际修复研究初探

研究了黑麦草(Lolium multiflorumL.)对多环芳烃苯并[a]芘污染土壤的修复作用。研究结果表明,土壤中苯并[a]芘的可提取态wB[a]P随着时间延长而逐渐减少,黑麦草加快了土壤中可提取态苯并[a]芘的减少,提高了苯并[a]P在土壤中的降解率,在1、10、50mg·kg-1苯并[a]芘处理下,黑麦草生长土壤中苯并[a]芘的降解率分别达90.3%、87.5%、78.6%;而没有黑麦草生长土壤中苯并[a]芘的降解率则为79.3%、66.4%、55.6%。黑麦草根际增加土壤中微生物碳的含量,从而提高植物对苯并[a]芘的降解率。植物的地上部也可积累少量苯并[a]芘,但植物对苯并[a]芘的吸收不是黑麦草对其修复的主要机制。土壤自身具有修复苯并[a]芘的潜能,种植黑麦草具有强化土壤修复苯并[a]芘污染的作用。