Aerosol size distributions in urban Jinan: Seasonal characteristics and variations between weekdays and weekends in a heavily polluted atmosphere

Aerosol size distributions, trace gas, and PM(2.5) concentrations have been measured in urban Jinan, China, over 6 months in 2007 and 2008, covering spring, summer, fall, and winter time periods. Number concentrations of particles (10-2,500 nm) were 16,200, 13,900, 11,200, and 21,600 cm(?-3) in spring, summer, fall, and winter, respectively. Compared with other urban studies, Jinan has higher number concentrations of accumulation-mode particles (100-500 nm) and particles (10-2,500 nm), but lower concentrations of ultrafine particles (10-100 nm). The number, surface and volume concentrations, and size distributions of particles showed obvious seasonal variation and are also influenced by traffic emissions. Through correlation analysis, traffic emissions are proposed to be a more important contributor to Atkien-mode and accumulation-mode particles than coal firing. Around midday, the presence of nanoparticles and new particle formation is limited to pre-existing particles from traffic emissions and the mass transport of particles from suburban and rural areas. Compared with other studies in urban areas of Europe and the USA, the variation of particle number concentration and related gas concentration in Jinan between weekdays and weekends is smaller and the reasons has been deduced.     

A theoretical study of hydrogen-bonded molecular clusters of sulfuric acid and organic acids with amides

Amides, a series of significant atmospheric nitrogen-containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs), can participate in new particle formation (NPF) throught interacting with sulfuric acid (SA) and organic acids. In this study, we investigated the molecular interactions of formamide (FA), acetamide (AA), N-methylformamide (MF), propanamide (PA), N-methylacetamide (MA), and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) with SA, acetic acid (HAC), propanoic acid (PAC), oxalic acid (OA), and malonic acid (MOA). Global minimum of clusters were obtained through the association of the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The conformational analysis, thermochemical analysis, frequency analysis, and topological analysis were conducted to determine the interactions of hydrogen-bonded molecular clusters. The heterodimers formed a hepta or octa membered ring through four different types of hydrogen bonds, and the strength of the bonds are ranked in the following order: SOH???O > COH???O > NH???O > CH???O. We also evaluated the stability of the clusters and found that the stabilization effect of amides with SA is weaker than that of amines with SA but stronger than that of ammonia (NH₃) with SA in the dimer formation of nucleation process. Additionally, the nucleation capacity of SA with amides is greater than that of organic acids with amides.     

高丙体六六六在辽河沉积物中的缺氧降解动力学

测定了辽河沉积物中高丙体六六六 (γ- 666)在缺氧条件下的分解速率 .测定出高丙体六六六在无外加碳源 ,外加葡萄糖 ,外加乙酸钠和外加蛋白胨 4种条件下的缺氧分解速率符合准一级动力学 ,动力学常数分别为 :无外加碳源 0.0487d^-1,加葡萄糖 0.136d^-1,加乙酸钠 0.151d^-1,加蛋白胨 0.136d^-1 .经 GC-MS测定 ,高丙体六六六的主要降解产物为二氯苯 .     

中国农业领域温室气体主要减排措施研究分析

气候变暖已成不争事实,主要是由于人为温室气体（GHG）排放增加所致,为减缓气候变暖趋势,各领域迫切需要采取减排措施;农业是一个重要的GHG排放源,农业领域采取减排措施对于减少我国GHG排放、保护农村生态环境有重要意义。文章在大量阅读前人研究结果的基础上,总结我国农业领域主要的减排管理措施,主要从农业活动、农村生活和生物质能源利用三方面进行阐述,并简要分析各措施的减排效果和存在问题。分析发现,农业活动的水肥管理是农田温室气体减排的研究热点,但由于地域和管理流程上的差异,对措施的减排效果尚存在争议;农村生活中存在巨大的减排潜力,采取恰当的减排措施不但可以减少GHG排放,还可以改善农村生态状况和环境卫生条件;农村生物质能源有很大发展潜力,合理开发利用,可以有效替代化石能源消耗,缓解能源危机,减少GHG排放,保护生态环境。总之,在农业领域采取积极的减排措施,有助于国家效应对气候变化,降低农业源污染和GHG排放,减轻环境压力,转换农业发展模式,加速农业现代化,促进农业生产的可持续发展和社会主义新农村建设。     

湛江硇洲岛海域19种贝类食用部位的重金属含量及评价

测定了湛江硇洲岛海域产的17种腹足类足部肌肉和2种双壳类软体部的Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、As、Cd、Pd和Hg等8种重金属质量分数。通过对比金属污染指数,发现桶形芋螺Conus betulinus、粗糙滨螺Littorinopsis scabra、鳞片扭蚶Trisidos kiyonoi、可变荔枝螺Thais mutabilis和小结节滨螺Nodilittorina exigua受到的污染较严重;以单因子污染指数为标准,无Cu、Zn和Ni污染,Pd和Hg仅少数种轻微污染,Cr污染较严重,Cd和As污染非常严重;以重金属绝对质量分数来衡量,含As、Cr和Cd最高的贝分别是黑凹螺Chlorostoma nigerrina、粒花冠小月螺Lunella corontat和习见赤蛙螺Bursa rana。     

基于吸附处理废水中Pb2+的麦糟改性研究

麦糟是啤酒工业的副产物,富含有机物,具有去除废水中重金属离子的能力.为了更有效地去除废水中的Pb2 ,本实验对麦糟进行了改性研究,实验过程中选择HCl、H2SO4、H3PO4、NaCl、NaOH作为改性剂.结果表明,用1mol·L-1NaCl溶液改性13h的麦糟对Pb2 有最好的吸附能力.通过扫描电镜、X射线能谱、红外光谱分析,研究了麦糟改性机理,发现经NaCl溶液改性后的麦糟新增N-Cl基团和C-Cl基团,容易和Pb2 配位结合,从而提高了吸附能力.改性麦糟吸附Pb2 的过程中,N-Cl、C-Cl、C-O(H)以及O-H起了重要作用.     

Heterogeneous activation of persulfate by CuMgAl layered double oxide for catalytic degradation of sulfameter

In this study, a series of CuMgAl layered double oxides (CuMgAl-LDOs) were obtained via calcination of CuMgAl layered double hy-droxides (CuMgAl-LDHs) synthesised via a co-precipitation method. The results show that CuMgAl-LDO can be prepared using an optimal Cu:Mg:Al molar ratio of 3:3:2, NaOH:Na2CO3 molar ratio of 2:1, and calcination temperature of 600 °C. CuMgAl-LDO is a char-acteristic of mesoporous material with a lamellar structure and large specific surface area. The removal efficiency of sulfameter (SMD) based on CuMgAl-LDO/persulfate (PS) can reach>98％over a wide range of initial SMD concentrations (5–20 mg L-1). The best removal efficiency of 99.49％was achieved within 120 min using 10 mg L-1 SMD, 0.3 g L-1 CuMgAl-LDO, and 0.7 mmol L-1 PS. Kinetic analysis showed that the degradation of SMD was in accordance with a quasi-first-order kinetic model. The stability of the CuMgAl-LDO catalyst was verified by the high SMD removal efficiency (> 97％ within 120 min) observed after five recycling tests and low copper ion leaching concentration (0.89 mg L-1), which is below drinking water quality standard of 1.3 mg L-1 permittable in the U.S. Radical scavenging experiments suggest that SO·4- is the primary active species participating in the CuMgAl-LDO/PS system. Moreover, our mechanistic investigations based on the radical scavenging tests and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicate that Cu(II)–Cu(III)–Cu(II) circulation is responsible for activating PS in the degradation of SMD and the degradation pathway for SMD was deduced. Accordingly, the results presented in this work demonstrate that CuMgAl-LDO may be an efficient and stable catalyst for the activation of PS during the degradation of organic pollutants. ? 2020, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communi-cations Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).     

Mechanism and kinetic properties of NO3-initiated atmospheric degradation of DDT

In this article, the NO3 radical-initiated atmospheric oxidation degradation of DDT was theoretically investigated using molecular orbital theory calculations. All the calculations of intermediates, transition states and products were performed at the MPWB1K/6-311+G(3df,2p)//MPWB1K/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory. Several energetically favorable reaction pathways were revealed. The formation mechanisms of secondary pollutants were presented and discussed. The rate constants were deduced over the temperature range of 273–333 K using canonical variational transition-state(CVT) theory with the small curvature tunneling(SCT) method. Our study shows that H abstraction from the alkyl group and NO3 addition to the C3 atom of the benzene ring are the dominant reaction pathways. The rate-temperature formula of the overall rate constants is k(T)(DDT+NO3) =(7.21 × 10.15)exp(–153.81/T) cm3/(mol·sec) over the possible atmospheric temperature range of 273–333 K. The atmospheric lifetime of DDT determined by NO3 radical is about 52.5 days, which indicates that it can be degraded in the gas phase within several months.     

青岛某小区景观湖水水质年变化规律研究

为了获得青岛某住宅小区内景观湖水质全年变化规律,并确定最佳换水时间,采用国标法及行业标准法检测该小区景观湖及其水源的全年水质变化.结果表明:景观湖水各水质指标全年波动明显,均受季节和降水情况影响,在降水丰沛的8-10月份水质较好;除pH全年符合景观水质标准外,其余指标均有月份超标;除COD浓度较高外,其余指标9-11月均较低,水质较好;水源白沙河的水质多在降水丰沛的9、10月份水质较好,综合看来,9-10月份为每年的最佳换水时间.     

Size-resolved aerosol ionic composition and secondary formation at Mount Heng in South Central China

To understand the size-resolved aerosol ionic composition and the factors influencing secondary aerosol formation in the upper boundary layer in South Central China, size-segregated aerosol samples were collected using a micro-orifice uniform deposit irnpactor （MOUDI） in spring 2009 at the summit of Mount Heng （1269 m asl）, followed by subsequent laboratory analyses of 13 inorganic and organic water-soluble ions. During non- dust-storm periods, the average PM1.8 concentration was 41.8 μg·m^-3, contributing to 55% of the PM10. Sulfates, nitrates, and ammonium, the dominant ions in the fine particles, amounted to 46.8% of the PM1.8. Compared with Mount Tai in the North China Plain, the concentrations of both fine and coarse particles and the ions contained therein were substantially lower. When the air masses from Southeast Asia prevailed, intensive biomass burning there led to elevated concentrations of sulfates, nitrates, ammonium, potassium, and chloride in the fine particles at Mount Heng. The air masses originating from the north Gobi brought heavy dust storms that resulted in the remarkable production of sulfates, ammonium, methane sulfonic acid, and oxalates in the coarse particles. Generally, the sulfates were primarily produced in the form of （NH4）2SO4 in the droplet mode via heterogeneous aqueous reactions. Only approximately one-third of the nitrates were distributed in the fine mode, and high humidity facilitated the secondary formation of fine nitrates. The heterogeneous formation of coarse nitrates and ammonium on dry alkaline dust surfaces was found to be less efficient than that on the coarse particles during non-dust-storm periods.