Activated soil filters for removal of biocides from contaminated run-off and waste-waters

Building facades can be equipped with biocides to prevent formation of algal, fungal and bacterial films. Thus run-off waters may contain these highly active compounds. In this study, the removal of several groups of biocides from contaminated waters by means of an activated soil filter was studied.A technical scale activated vertical soil filter (biofilter) with different layers (peat, sand and gravel), was planted with reed (Phragmites australis) and used to study the removal rates and fate of hydrophilic to moderate hydrophobic (log K_ow 1.8-4.4) biocides and biocide metabolites such as: Terbutryn, Cybutryn (Irgarol® 1051), Descyclopropyl-Cybutryn (Cybutryn and Terbutryn metabolite), Isoproturon, Diuron, and its metabolite Diuron-desmonomethyl, Benzo-isothiazolinone, n-Octyl-isothiazolinone, Dichloro-n-octylisothiazolinone and Iodocarbamate (Iodocarb). Three experiments were performed: the first one (36 d) under low flow conditions (61 L m⁻² d⁻¹) reached removal rates between 82% and 100%. The second one was performed to study high flow conditions: During this experiment, water was added as a pulse to the filter system with a hydraulic load of 255 L m⁻² within 5 min (retention time <1 h). During this experiment the removal rates of the compounds decreased drastically. For five compounds (Cybutryn, Descyclopropyl-Cybutryn, Diuron, Isoproturon, and Iodocarb) the removal dropped temporarily below 60%, while it was always above 70% for the others (Terbutryn, Benzo-isothiazolinone, n-Octyl-isothiazolinone, Dichloro-n-octylisothiazolinone). However, this removal is a considerable improvement compared to direct discharge into surface waters or infiltration into soil without appropriate removal. In the last experiment the removal efficiencies of the different layers were studied. Though the peat layer was responsible for most of the removal, the sand and gravel layers also contributed significantly for some compounds. All compounds are rather removed by degradation than by sorption.     

城镇化地区水文过程实验观测与模拟——以太湖西苕溪流域安吉实验小区为例

城镇化的发展使不透水面积不断增加，往往导致地区的水文过程发生较为明显的改变。以太湖上游西苕溪流域内的安吉城镇化实验小区为例，在对研究流域50多a长系列水文气象资料和区域城镇化特征作较详细分析的基础上，结合2005~2008年短时间尺度降雨径流观测实验，通过雨量、水位以及下垫面等数据分析，选用Storm Water Management Model这一暴雨洪水管理模型对该地区的典型洪水过程进行了模拟，对其降雨径流规律进行了分析。结果表明：该模型对该区域的模拟效果较好，误差较小，可以用于该城镇化地区的降雨径流过程模拟和洪水规律定量分析；分析该实验小区降雨径流过程可知，城镇化使该地区洪水上涨过程明显加快，6场典型洪水的峰型系数均值为305，洪峰流量增大而滞时缩短，较快的汇流速度使该地区的防洪压力较大。实验观测方法及模拟分析成果将有助于对太湖地区小流域城镇洪水过程特征与规律的认识，对我国东部城镇地区的防洪、规划与管理也具有重要的借鉴意义     

冀津沿海风暴潮的分布特征及成因分析

本文收集整理了最近2045a的史料,论述风暴潮的时空分布特征及区域评价,分析风暴潮的成因及分类,提出风暴潮的预警要点．     

Shelters from the storm: A note on the geography of hurricane shelters in Barbados, 1982

Barbados, a small island of 166 square miles in the Caribbean, with a population of 246,416 persons, has a total of 177 emergency shelters with a known capacity of 20,623 persons. The average shelter capacity is 117 persons and the total known shelter capacity represents 8.4% of the population.
The spatial arrangement of the grade I shelters, as seen relative to the 1980 population census map by grouped enumeration districts, reveals that there are many areas and persons, who, in time of emergency, will not be able to avail themselves of the protection of a shelter.     

Chemical tracers as indicator of human fecal coliforms at storm water outfalls

Indicators to distinguish between fecal coliforms of human and animal origin were investigated in water from storm sewer outfalls to a coastal lake during wet and dry weather. The ratio of fecal coliform relative to fecal streptococci count was used as the microbiological indicator. Concentrations of human-activities originated caffeine, anionic surfactant, fluoride, and fluorescence whitening agent (FWA) were used as chemical indicators. The ratio of fecal coliform to fecal streptococci ranged from 0.2 to 3.0, during wet weather making it difficult to interpret the origin of fecal pollution. However, concentrations of caffeine, anionic surfactant, fluoride, and FWA in storm water outflow during wet weather were much higher than those in the lake water during dry weather, indicating the presence of human waste at storm water outfall. Strong correlation between fecal coliform counts and chemical parameter values further indicated the human contribution to the fecal coliform count. In addition, a strong correlation among the chemical parameters suggested that only one of them is needed as chemical tracer to detect the presence of human input.     

A simulation model for projecting changes in salinity concentrations and species dominance in the coastal margin habitats of the Everglades

Sharp boundaries typically separate the salinity tolerant mangroves from the salinity intolerant hardwood hammock species, which occupy the similar geographical areas of southern Florida. Evidence of strong feedback between tree community-type and the salinity of the unsaturated (vadose) zone of the soil suggests that a severe disturbance that significantly tilts the salinity in the vadose zone might cause a shift from one vegetation type to the other. In this study, a model based upon the feedback dynamics between vegetation and salinity of the vadose zone of the soil was used to take account of storm surge events to investigate the mechanisms that by which this large-scale disturbance could affect the spatial pattern of hardwood hammocks and mangroves. Model simulation results indicated that a heavy storm surge that completely saturated the vadose zone at 30 ppt for 1 day could lead to a regime shift in which there is domination by mangroves of areas previously dominated by hardwood hammocks. Lighter storm surges that saturated the vadose zone at less than 7 ppt did not cause vegetation shifts. Investigations of model sensitivity analysis indicated that the thickness of the vadose zone, coupled with precipitation, influenced the residence time of high salinity in the vadose zone and therefore determined the rate of mangrove domination. The model was developed for a southern Florida coastal ecosystem, but its applicability may be much broader.     

我国1991年长江中下游洪涝灾害的反思

本文首先概述了长江洪水一般规律以及今年兩情、水情、灾情,说明今年长江流域总的雨情、水情都没有超过1954年,灾害性质属较大范围的严重涝灾和局部地区洪灾,但损失巨大.如果长江上游或中下游几条主要支流发生类似历史上曾经出现过的大洪水,其后果将更为严重. 今年抗洪涝斗争中.建国以来修建的水利工程发挥了巨大作用,减少了灾害损失,但也暴露出我们防洪除涝中存在的弱点和问题. 文章结合长江中下游平原区防洪情况.从“洪水不分省界、县界、从全局出发,通力协作,团结治水才能战胜洪水;”“分蓄洪措施不可避免.认真贯彻《关于蓄滞洪区安全与建设指导纲要》才能减少損失;”“长江防洪潜在危险不可忽视,必须抓紧解决,才能保证国家建设顺利进行;”“增强全社会和全民防洪意识.依法治水,努力减轻洪涝灾害损失.”等四个方面对今年发生的严重洪涝灾害进行了反思.并提出了建议.     

Modeling time-dependent toxicity to aquatic organisms from pulsed exposure of PAHs in urban road runoff

Understanding of the magnitude of urban runoff toxicity to aquatic organisms is important for effective management of runoff quality. In this paper, the aquatic toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban road runoff was evaluated through a damage assessment model. Mortality probability of the organisms representative in aquatic environment was calculated using the monitored PAHs concentration in road runoff. The result showed that the toxicity of runoff in spring was higher than those in summer. Analysis of the time-dependent toxicity of series of runoff water samples illustrated that the toxicity of runoff water in the final phase of a runoff event may be as high as those in the initial phase. Therefore, the storm runoff treatment systems or strategies designed for capture and treatment of the initial portion of runoff may be inappropriate for control of runoff toxicity.     

Sedimentation basin performance at highway construction sites

Sedimentation basins (SBs) are commonly used during highway construction for erosion and sedimentation pollution control as well as for attenuation of overland storm waters. In order to evaluate the sediment removal capacity of these SBs, four basins were selected for monitoring from a new highway construction that extends I-99 to I-80, in Pennsylvania. Between September 2004 and August 2005, ten sampling trips were conducted during which basin inlet and outlet water samples were obtained. The SB samples were analyzed for pH, color, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), total and dissolved iron, magnesium, manganese, aluminum, calcium, sulfate and phosphate. The data showed peaks in concentrations of TSS, total aluminum, total manganese, total iron and total phosphate that closely correlated to localized rainfall peaks. For certain samples, the concentration of TSS in the outlet was higher than the TSS concentration at the basin inlet, suggesting sediment re-suspension. In general SBs managed high flows during wet weather events, but were not effective in capturing particulates. This paper discusses the need for Best Management Practices (BMPs) for the design of SBs that reflect contemporary concerns for management of particle removal and to control the release of particulate-bound metals. This paper also evaluates the water quality impacts of naturally occurring acidic drainages into SBs, as several acidic seeps with pH in the range of 5-6 and having high dissolved concentrations of metals (Fe, Mn, Mg and Ca), sulfate and phosphate were observed draining into the SBs.     

海平面上升,海岸带灾害与海岸防护问题

全球变暖导致海平面上升。近百年来中国海平面以１．４～２．０ｍｍ／ａ的平均速率上升，预计下世纪还将加速，几个大河三角洲沿岸因受地面下沉影响，２０５０年相对海平面上升幅度可能高出ＩＰＣＣ（１９９０）最佳估计值的１倍左右。海平面上升会加剧多种海岸带灾害，尤其是台风风暴潮的发生数和成灾数增加。近２０年来由于沿海人口、资产密度剧增以及海堤标准偏低，致使风暴潮灾损失逐年增大，预计下世纪海岸带灾害损失还将大幅度提高。面对海平面上升和海岸带灾害的不断发展以及越来越多的低滩围垦情况，必须认识加强海岸防护对发展区域经济的重要性。增加投入，采取护坡与保滩相结合、工程措施与生物措施相结合等综合防护对策，争取在较短时间内将我国大部分海韩的标准在现有基础上普遍提高一个等级。