国内外风暴潮概况及其防御对策

本文概要地论述了全球产生风暴潮的天气系统和可能发生潮灾的地理分布.指出了我国是受热带和温带气旋袭击最频繁的国家之一,也是潮灾最严重的地区.概述了世界各国现行防御对策.指出了我国现行防御措施的进步和不足并提出了我国沿海经济开发和国土规划的防灾战略的制定和防御系统的建立以及潮灾成因规律和减灾对策的综合研究方案.     

最近2000年江苏沿海风暴潮灾害的特征

根据地方志和文献记录对江苏沿海最近2000a风暴潮灾害进行了初步分析，结果表明，风暴潮灾害在时间和空间上均发生着变化。最近600a风暴潮灾害存在21a、36a和116a三个显著的周期，并且不同时间段内发生的风暴潮灾害受不同的因素控制。.     

河北省沿海风暴潮的发生规律研究

风暴潮是河北省沿海最主要的灾害之一。本文收集整理了最近２０４４年的史料，分析了河北省风暴潮的成因，讨论了风暴潮的时空分布特征、危害程度及区域评价，提出了河北省风暴潮的预警要点。     

Modeling the relationship between development and storm water and nutrient runoff

The EPA Storm Water Management Model was used to model the effects of urban and agricultural development on storm water runoff from uplands bordering a Louisiana swamp forest. Using this model, we examined the effects of changing land use patterns. By 1995 it is projected that urban land on the uplands bordering the swamp will increase by 321 percent, primarily at the expense of land currently in agriculture. Simulation results indicate that urbanization will cause storm water runoff rates to be up to 4.2 times greater in 1995 than in 1975. Nutrient runoff will increase 28 percent for nitrogen (N) and 16 percent for phosphorus (P) during the same period. The environmental effects of these changes in the receiving swamp forest are examined.     

Modeling hydrology and eutrophication in a Louisiana swamp forest ecosystem

The EPA Storm Water Management Model (1971) was used to model hydrodynamics, nutrient dynamics, and eutrophication in a Louisiana swamp forest ecosystem. The present system of canals and spoil banks in the swamp causes impoundment of swamp areas and does not optimize discharge from the swamp forest. Simulations showed that hydraulics could be managed to increase discharge rates to the lower estuary (22 percent), to increase productivity of the swamp forest (100 percent), and to decrease lake eutrophication (43 percent). This could be done by removing spoil banks in the swamp and allowing upland runoff to pass through the backswamp.     

Storm impacts along European coastlines. Part 1: The joint effort of the MICORE and ConHaz Projects

The current paper discusses the topic of marine storm impact along European coastlines, presenting results from two FP7 Projects currently focusing on this topic, one working on the physical aspects of the problem (MICORE) and the other one on the socio-economic implications (ConHaz).The MICORE Project aims to provide on-line predictions of storm-related physical hazards (hydrodynamic as well as morphodynamic). The ConHaz Project addresses the socio-economic implications should these (or other) hazards actually materialize. Together these projects aim to deliver crucial information for emergency response efforts, while realizing the practical limitations for information processing and dissemination during crisis situations.The MICORE Project has developed and demonstrated on-line tools for reliable predictions of the morphological impact of marine storm events in support of civil protection mitigation strategies. The project specifically targeted the development of early warning and information systems to support short term emergency response in case of an extreme storm event. The current paper discusses in detail the outcome of an activity of databasing historical storm data. No clear changes in storminess were observed, except for some storm proxies (e.g. surges) and only at some locations (e.g. northern Adriatic, southern Baltic, etc.).The ConHaz Project undertook a desktop study of the methods normally used for evaluating the impact of marine storms and the associated coastal hazards considering direct costs, costs due to disruption of production processes, indirect costs, intangible costs, and costs of adaptation and mitigation measures. Several methods for cost estimation were reviewed. From the review it emerged that normally end-users only evaluate direct costs after the storms, while the cost of adaptation and mitigation measures is only done strategically in the context of Integrated Coastal Zone Management plans. As there is no standardized method for cost evaluations in this field, it is suggested that clear guidelines should be produced on the basis of simplicity for use by end-users. The integration between historical databases of the physical parameters of storms and detailed cost evaluation information would support the development of a knowledge background in end-users and justify the development of adaptation strategies.     

基于风暴识别算法的森林火灾识别

采用风暴识别算法对森林火灾进行了识别。首先根据参数阈值调整后的风暴识别算法,得到二维分量,结合不同云回波与火灾回波的差异,对火灾回波进行识别。根据算法对浙江省温州市三次森林火灾过程进行识别,结果显示:对于三次火灾过程都能够有效识别。对于火灾发生初期和熄灭时,由于回波强度较弱,回波结构松散,与小范围弱回波混合,导致漏识别。当回波中存在小范围地物杂波时,由于其尺度与小面积火灾接近,最终导致误识别。在森林火灾发生时,该算法可以帮助识别发生火灾的位置,为消防人员提供及时可靠的火灾地点及起火时间。     

台风暴雨

台风是经常侵袭我国的一种强烈天气系统。时常在我国造成严重的灾害。本文主要讨论与台风有关的暴雨特征。出没于中国大陆及沿海的台风暴雨主要有三种类型：１）台风之气旋性环流内的暴雨；２）台风外缘与西风带或辐热带系统等相互作用的暴雨；３）台风临近前的前置暴雨及其消散时的滞后暴雨。其中，第一种是最普遍常见的；而后两种亦常造成严重的危害，不可忽视。登陆我国的台风，由于其自身及外围环流系统和下垫面环境条件的不同，     

北京城区河湖水系治理中的问题与建议

简要地回顾北京市近20年河湖水系治理历程中所取得的成就，分析存在的一些主要问题，根据对城区雨水径流非点源污染总量的粗略估算，指出城市雨水径流非点源污染是导致整治后的河湖水系水质恶化最主要的污染因素；结合发达国家对河湖水系治理的一些经验对北京市河湖水系的治理提出几点建议，以期为彻底治理河湖水系的污染提供新的思路，也可供其他城市在治理城市水系污染时参考。     

中国沿海的风暴潮灾及其防御对策

中国沿海是仅次于孟加拉湾地区的第二大风暴潮重灾区。本文分析了地质时期及历史时期我国风暴潮灾的灾害记录，揭示了中国沿海风暴潮灾的严重性，并讨论了其成因特点和成灾机理，提出了一系列防灾措施和防御对策