南通市文蛤的污染现状和大肠菌群净化研究

2003～2005年,对南通市沿海滩涂6个采样点,分3次采集的文蛤(Meretrix meretrix),进行了重金属及大肠菌群的调查分析.结果显示,重金属方面符合标准,Pb、Cu、Cd的检测结果分别为0.08×10-6～0.2×10-6、2.19×10-6～5.27×10-6和0.29×10-6～0.49×10-6,但大肠菌群普遍超标,为0.9～46 MNP/g.针对这一问题,提出应对超标的文蛤采取先净化后上市的措施,以及对养殖区进行分类管理,以提高文蛤的食用健康与安全.     

固定底物酶底物法与多管发酵法和快速纸片法测定水中粪大肠菌群(耐热大肠菌群)的比较

采用酶底物法和多管发酵法及快速纸片法,比对分析了分组环境水样中的大肠菌群,采用无菌水和标准菌种ATCC 25922(大肠埃希菌)标准菌种检验3种方法的假阳性率与假阴性率,结果表明,固定底物酶底物法与多管发酵法用于水中粪大肠菌群(耐热大肠菌群)检测结果具有一致性。     

京津市区部分河流及湖泊水质的卫生细菌学调查

以粪大肠菌做指标,对京津市区内部分河流及湖泊水质的卫生细菌学状况进行了调查.调查结果表明,河流进入市区后随人口密度的增加,水中粪大肠菌的数量亦有所升高。表明河流已受到一定程度的生活垃圾的污染.京密引水渠的水质较好,其粪大肠菌值在10~2-10~4个/100ml,北护城河水质较差,粪大肠菌值为10~3-10~5个/100ml.天津海河及新开河除个别点样外,粪大肠菌值为10~2-10~3个/100ml.湖泊水质以昆明湖较为清洁,玉渊潭、紫竹院、北海及圆明园水质中粪大肠菌值一般为10~2-10~4个/100ml,但存在着个别取样点粪大肠菌值较高的情况.     

The microbial status of natural waters in a protected wilderness area

Waters derived from remote 'wilderness' locations have been assumed to be largely free of bacterial contamination and thus such, near-pristine, protected catchments, unused for agriculture, have been first in the multiple line of protection (pristine catchment-long storage-treatment-disinfection) employed by the water industry. This assumption is challenged by a bacterial survey of the waters derived from the New Cairngorm National Park, Scotland. Over 480 spot samples were taken for 59 sites between March 2001 and October 2002 during nine field campaigns each of three to five days duration. Over 75% of samples tested positive for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and 85% for total coliforms. Concentrations displayed both temporal and spatial patterns. Largest values occurred over the summer months and particularly at weekends at sites frequented by visitors, either for 'wild' camping or day visits, or where water was drawn from the river for drinking. Overall the spatial and temporal variations in bacterial concentrations suggest a relationship with visitor numbers and in particular wild camping. The implications of the results for drinking water quality and visitors health are discussed along with possible management options for the area in terms of improving the disposal of human waste.     

南方某城市地表水体中粪源性污染指示微生物的分布特征研究

随着城市居民亲水娱乐活动日益增加,研究城市地表水体的粪源性微生物污染特征,开展人体健康风险评价,并以此为基础开展有效的水质监测和风险管理,对于人口密集的城市区域尤为重要.以我国南方某城市的5个典型地表水体为案例,监测总大肠菌（TC）、粪大肠菌（FC）、大肠埃希氏菌（EC）和肠球菌（ENT）这4种粪源性污染指示微生物以及常规理化水质指标,研究指示微生物在城市地表水体中的浓度水平、时间和空间分布特征以及不同水质指标之间的相关性.结果表明,案例水体中TC和FC通常在10^3～10^7个.L^-1,EC和ENT通常分别低于200个·L^-1和105个·L^-1;4种指示微生物的浓度分布呈现季节变化特征,并且能够指示水体受到周边环境的污染状况;4种指示微生物指标之间以及微生物指标与常规理化水质指标（如溶解氧等）之间具有一定的相关性.     

The Influence of Dioxide Chloride on Water Quality of Balneário Camboriú Beach, Brazil

Since February 1999, the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (MWTP) of Balneário Camboriú, Brazil, started a complementary treatment with ClO₂ application on its effluent. It was realized to minimize its impacts caused by increase of the population during summer. This study was realized in order to verify the influence of this compound in the water quality and the environmental evaluations. Samples of surface water were collected in this environment between January 1997 and June 2001 for chemical and microbiological surveys. The results had shown that after application of ClO₂, fecal coliforms were decreased about six times in the beach (2.3 × 10³ to 3.5 × 10² MPN/100 ml) and three times in the river (3.3 × 10⁴ to 1.0 × 10⁴ MPN/100 ml), during summer time. NH₄ ⁺ showed an increase of about four times and 1.5 times, respectively, to beach and river. These results are showing the influence of ClO₂ on chemical and microbiological parameters.     

再生水不同灌水水平对土壤酶活性及耐热大肠菌群分布的影响

为了探讨再生水不同灌水水平对土壤酶活性和环境污染指示菌耐热大肠菌群分布的影响,采用室内土柱灌水实验,研究再生水、自来水不同灌水水平对土壤酶活性和耐热大肠菌群分布的影响.结果表明:(1)在土壤酶活性方面,相同灌水水平下,与自来水处理相比,再生水灌溉处理提高了土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性;再生水不同灌水水平对比分析表明,充分灌水处理显著提高了土壤蔗糖酶活性和深层土壤过氧化氢酶活性.(2)在土壤耐热大肠菌群分布方面,相同灌水水平下,与自来水灌溉处理相比,再生水灌溉显著提高了土壤耐热大肠菌群数量;再生水不同灌水水平对比分析表明,充分灌水处理显著增加了土壤耐热大肠菌群数量;4个处理的表层土壤耐热大肠菌群数量均显著高于深层,且随着灌溉时间的推移,0~60 cm各土层的土壤耐热大肠菌群数量存在降低趋势.(3)通过对土壤耐热大肠菌群数量与土壤酶活性的相关性分析表明,土壤耐热大肠菌群数量与土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性呈极显著正相关,与土壤过氧化氢酶活性呈显著正相关.因此,再生水灌溉促进了土壤C、N循环转化酶的活性,合理控制再生水灌水水平可以有效阻控土壤耐热大肠菌群的数量.     

氯消毒和紫外消毒对城市污水处理厂二沉池出水中粪大肠菌群耐药性的影响

为考察城市污水处理厂消毒方式对出水中细菌耐药性的影响,使用二沉池出水进行氯消毒和紫外消毒试验. 选择AMP(氨苄西林)、TET(盐酸四环素)、CIP(环丙沙星)和CHL(氯霉素)作为典型的抗生素,研究消毒前后粪大肠菌群耐药率的变化. 结果表明:当水中ρ(有效氯)在0~1.0mg/L范围内增加时,粪大肠菌群对AMP和CIP的耐药率都有所升高,而对TET的耐药率却呈下降趋势. 当使用1.0mg/L氯消毒之后,粪大肠菌群对AMP、TET、CIP、CHL的耐药率分别为35.1%、5.6%、62.3%、0. 粪大肠菌群对AMP、TET和CIP的耐药性在氯消毒后会逐渐恢复. 氯消毒后48h,粪大肠菌群对AMP、TET和CIP的耐药率均高于消毒前. 在较低的紫外辐照剂量 (约16mJ/cm2以下)范围内,随着紫外辐照剂量的升高,粪大肠菌群对多种抗生素的耐药率均有降低,而较高的紫外辐照剂量则可能导致粪大肠菌群耐药率升高.      

高温厌氧消化中底物浓度对病原指示微生物杀灭的影响

剩余污泥中含有大量病原微生物,土地利用之前必须进行适当的处理,降低病原微生物的数量,以降低环境风险.通过研究在不同的底物浓度条件下,剩余污泥高温厌氧消化(55℃)过程对病原指示微生物的杀灭效果,分析厌氧消化前后污泥中病原指示微生物数量变化的原因.结果表明,随着底物浓度的增加,VFAs浓度和累积产甲烷量增加.在底物浓度为28~84 g·L-1、温度为55℃、持续28 d的高温厌氧消化过程中,上清液中总大肠杆菌下降2.0~3.0个数量级、粪大肠杆菌下降1.8~3.3个数量级;消化后污泥中总大肠杆菌和粪大肠杆菌杀灭率均达到99%以上;且上清液中和消化污泥中均未检测到沙门氏菌的存在.在研究底物浓度范围内,当底物浓度大于45 g·L-1时,消化液和污泥中总大肠杆菌和粪大肠杆菌的杀灭效果下降.     

Evaluation of simple microbiol tests for detection of fecal coliforms directly at 44.5 degrees C

Simple microbial test comprising H₂S paper strip test,presence-absence (PA) test, and fluorogenic brila broth (BB)test performed directly at 44.5 °C were evaluated andcompared with the standard most probable number (MPN) method fordetection of fecal coliforms in 173 drinking water sources. BBand PA test were comparable with standard MPN method, whereas,poor compliance was noted for H₂S test. PA test whencompared with standard MPN test only 15%; disagreement wasdetected, whereas, highest disagreement of 40%; was observed incase of H₂S test. BB test was found to be highly sensitiveas only 7.8% disagreement with that of standard MPN test wasfound. Three hundred cultures obtained from positive tests wereidentified in order to evaluate the specificities of test usedin detection of fecal indicator Escherichia coli. BB testwas also found highly specific in detection of indicatororganism as compared to PA and H₂S test. Among theorganisms isolated from BB test 84.4%; of them were identifiedas E. coli as compared to 43.4 and 33.3 in PA and H₂Stest, respectively. The low incidence of recovery of E.coli (18.1%) for the standard MPN method places doubt on thevalidity of its application in tropical areas. The result ofthis investigation suggest that BB performed directly at 44.5 °C could be suitable cost effective test to assess themicrobiological quality of drinking water in India and other tropical countries.