一株产生物絮凝剂的Bacillus sp.的分离与鉴定

从重庆城南污水处理厂的活性污泥中分离筛选到一株絮凝剂产生菌,革兰氏染色呈阳性,好氧,有芽孢,可运动,短杆;分离菌的基因组DNA(G +C)mol%含量测定为5 0 .6 % ,16SrRNA序列分析表明,分离筛选出的絮凝剂产生菌的16SrRNA基因序列与Bacillus菌有高度同源性,从而确定絮凝剂产生菌RL - 2归于Bacillusbrevis菌属。絮凝实验表明:在有CaCl2 存在时用Bacillussp .RL - 2生物絮凝剂处理土壤悬液时用量少(10 0mL样品只需2mL絮凝剂) ,絮体形成快,矾花大,泥少;体系温度对活性影响很小,且在酸性与碱性条件下,絮凝活性均很高     

花生根瘤菌的生长特性和脂肪酸组成研究(英文)

用73株慢生根瘤菌B．Japonicum、B．elkanii和B．"intermedium"为对照．对22株花生根瘤菌的生长速度、产碱能力和细胞脂肪酸组成进行了测定．结果表明：花生根瘤菌属于慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobiumsp．arachis）；除花生根瘤菌含有比大豆根瘤菌（B．japonicum）较高的脂肪酸16：1w5c（16个碳原子1个双键的脂肪酸）而外，花生根瘤菌与大豆根疚菌相似，表明了他们在系统发育及进化方向上的一致性．细胞脂肪酸分析法是根瘤菌系统发育研究中一种简便而可信的方法．     

我国蚕豆根瘤菌的多样性和系统发育研究

采用数值分类、16S rDNA PCR-RFLP、IGS PCR-RFLP等方法对分离自我国11个省的50株蚕豆根瘤菌及11株参比菌株进行了表型测定和遗传型研究,同时对5株蚕豆根瘤菌的代表菌株进行了16S rDNA全序列测定.表型测定的结果表明,在80%的相似水平上供试菌株分为4个群,各群间存在地区交叉;16S rDNA PCR-RFLP的聚类结果与数值分类的聚类结果有很好的一致性;IGSRFLP反映的多样性更明显,形成的遗传群较多,可用于菌株间的鉴别.实验结果表明我国蚕豆根瘤菌具有极大的表型多样性和遗传多样性.系统发育研究结果表明,蚕豆根瘤菌的代表菌株均位于快生根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)系统发育分支,与R.leguminosarum USDA2370的全序列相似性达99.9%,说明蚕豆根瘤菌属于Rhizobium,系豌豆根瘤菌的一个生物型.图4表3参12     

游蛇科（Colubridae）10种蛇的随机扩增多态DNA研究

用随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）技术对游蛇科１０种蛇基因组ＤＮＡ的多态性进行了分子遗传标记的研究．所得数据经聚类分析结果提示：１．蛇类种内个体间存在着遗传多样性即个体间的差异，随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ片段共享度的分析表明，种间差异显著大于种内个体间的差异，说明在研究种间系统演化关系时．可以用随机取样的个体代表一个种作种间比较．２．锦蛇属是一高度分化的大属，本研究中的５种锦蛇间．玉斑锦蛇和红点锦蛇关系较近．可以井为１组．另３种归为１组还是分为３个不同的组尚难定论．３．游蛇科６个属之间．锦蛇属、乌梢蛇属和鼠蛇属３属间亲缘关系较近．Ｒｈａｂｏｐｈｉｓ和Ｓｉｎｏｎａｔｒｉｘ与链蛇属较近．它们可能代表该科中较原始的类群．     

基于MLST鄱阳湖微囊藻的遗传多样性及其系统发育

为了研究鄱阳湖微囊藻的遗传多样性及其系统发育关系，基于7个管家基因（ftsZ、glnA、gltX、gyrB、pgi、recA和tpi），建立了一个多位点序列分型（MLST）方法.对来自鄱阳湖的20株微囊藻分离株进行MLST研究，并构建本地微囊藻MLST基因库.结果表明：这20株藻株具有20种独特的序列型（STs），揭示了微囊藻高水平的遗传多样性（H=0.986）.基于7个MLST位点串联序列的系统发育分析显示，微囊藻藻株序列型可分为5个不同的组.与之前日本湖泊研究的237个STs共建的系统发育树比对表明，本研究的STs形成了独立的分枝.该结果说明不同地区的微囊藻是相对稳定的，因此可以用MLST进行明确的表征.     

Alkaloid tolerance in Manduca sexta and phylogenetically related sphingids (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

Summary. Nicotine tolerance is well known for Manduca sexta. It also occurs in several other sphingids of the subfamilies Macroglossinae and Sphinginae. Only members of the subfamily Smerinthinae appear to be more susceptible to nicotine intoxication. Phylogenetic trees have been reconstructed from mitochondrial 16S rDNA and nuclear DNA to map nicotine tolerance.?The nicotine binding site of both α-subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) have been amplified and sequenced. No apparent amino acid substitution can be seen in the putative nicotine binding site of the α-subunits of nAChR from nicotine tolerant and nicotine sensitive sphingids. Thus, a simple target-site modification can be ruled out as a cause for nicotine tolerance. This finding agrees with feeding experiments: larvae of M. sexta and other sphingids of the Macroglossinae and Sphinginae not only tolerated nicotine, but also many other alkaloids that affect neuroreceptors other than acetylcholine receptors (nAChR, mAChR).?Only 10 to 20% of nicotine injected into larvae of nicotine-tolerant taxa could be recovered later as free nicotine, nicotine N-oxide or cotinine, i.e., 80 to 90% must have been converted to polar conjugates or degradation products which are not detectable with the methods applied. Usually more than 98% of the recoverable alkaloids were found in the faeces. Excretion reached a maximum 6 h after injection in tolerant taxa. Larvae of Manduca sexta, which were reared on a nicotine-rich diet, showed higher nicotine degradation and faster nicotine elimination than na?ve larvae. Application of the cytochrome P450 inhibitor SKF 525A (proadifen) reduced the formation of nicotine N-oxide and the rate of alkaloid degradation. Thus, an inducible detoxification mechanism, coupled with a rapid and inducible excretion, appear to be a strategy in Sphingidae that helps them to live on host plants rich in otherwise toxic secondary metabolites. Received 23 March 2001; accepted 4 August 2001.     

Sex pheromones and their potential role in the evolution of reproductive isolation in small ermine moths (Yponomeutidae)

Summary Sex pheromone communication in the nine European species of small ermine moths (Yponomeuta) is reviewed in regard to the potential role of pheromones in the speciation process. Six of the nine species studied (viz.,Y. evonymellus, Y. cagnagellus, Y. padellus, Y. irrorellus, Y. plumbellus, andY. vigintipunctatus) use a mixture of (E)-11-and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate in different ratios as primary pheromone components, with combinations of tetradecyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate and the corresponding alcohols of the acetates as additional pheromone components. Analysis of (Z)- to (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ratios produced by individual females of these species demonstrated significant variation among females of all species. However, the ranges of ratios produced byY. cagnagellus, Y. irrorellus, andY. plumbellus, sharing the same host-plant species, spindle tree, did not overlap. Niche separation of all six species mentioned required consideration of at least one additional pheromone component or of temporal aspects. The remaining three species,i.e. Y. malinellus, Y. mahalebellus andY. rorellus, have pheromones that differ qualitatively.Biosynthetic routes to the pheromone components identified are proposed on the basis of fatty acid pheromone precursors found in the pheromone glands. A phylogenetic tree for the genus is constructed based on allozyme frequency data and changes in pheromone composition are superimposed on this tree. We suggest that the ancestral ermine moth pheromone is a mixture of (Z)-11- and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and the corresponding alcohols, and a scenario of how present-day patterns evolved is outlined. The pheromone differences among the three species using spindle tree as their host-plant might have evolved throughreproductive character displacement upon secondary contact between populations that had already diverged genetically in allopatry. Pheromone differences within the so-calledpadellus-complex (includingY. cagnagellus, Y. mahalebellus, Y. malinellus, Y. padellus, andY. rorellus) in which species might have originated sympatrically, may have evolved byreinforcing selection as these species still hybridise and produce viable offspring when confined in cages. The role of pheromones in reproductive isolation amongYponomeuta species is emphasised by (1) the function of pheromone components of some of the species as behavioural antagonists to other species, (2) the cross-attraction under experimental conditions between allochronic species with similar pheromones, and (3) the formation of hybrids in the laboratory between species that are isolated in nature by pheromone differences.     

根瘤菌的遗传多样性与系统发育研究进展

根瘤菌 (ｒｈｉｚｏｂｉａ)是一类广泛分布于土壤中的革兰氏阴性细菌。它可以侵染豆科植物根部或茎部形成根瘤和少数茎瘤 ,固定空气中的分子态氮形成氨 ,为植物提供氮素营养 .据估计 ,全球每年生物固氮量达 1.75× 10 8ｔ,为世界工业氮肥产量的4 .37倍[1] .根瘤菌与豆科植物的共生固氮作用是生物固氮中固氮效率最高的体系 .因此 ,根瘤菌与豆科植物的共生固氮作用是实现农业可持续发展的重大研究课题之一 .研究根瘤菌的遗传多样性 ,对于发掘新的根瘤菌种质资源 ,保藏并合理利用根瘤菌基因资源库 ,选育高效菌株直接应用于农业生产有重要意义 .…     

北运河沉积物中主要脱氮功能微生物的群落特征

应用分子生物学技术研究北运河沉积物中主要脱氮功能微生物,反硝化细菌和厌氧氨氧化细菌(Anammox)的群落特征,探讨了微生物群落的季节变化及其与环境因子的响应关系.结果表明,沉积物中反硝化细菌和Anammox的丰度和群落组成随季节变化差异显著.从夏季到冬季,反硝化细菌丰度逐渐增加,Anammox的丰度却逐渐降低;反硝化细菌的多样性均显著的高于Anammox的多样性,反硝化细菌是北运河沉积物中主要的脱氮微生物.从夏季到冬季,沉积物中氮和TOC含量均逐渐升高,温度是决定脱氮微生物群落特征季节变化的关键因子,TN与反硝化细菌的群落丰度显著正相关,C/N与Anammox的丰度显著正相关;反硝化细菌的群落结构主要受到硝氮和pH的影响,pH也是影响Anammox物种时空分布的主要因子.系统发育分析表明,两种脱氮微生物的主要类群均具有较高的耐污性和良好的脱氮效率,反硝化细菌主要从属于Pseudomonas和Halomonas, Anammox物种发育多样性较低,主要为浮霉菌门的Candidatus Brocadia.