有机肥处理对旱地红壤细菌群落及玉米生产力的影响

为探明旱地红壤细菌群落特征及玉米生产力对不同有机肥处理的响应，基于自2002年设置在中国科学院鹰潭红壤生态实验站的有机培肥长期定位试验，采用Illumina高通量测序，研究不同有机肥（不施肥，M0；低量有机肥，M1；高量有机肥，M2；高量有机肥加石灰，M3）处理下土壤细菌群落多样性和结构以及玉米生产力的变化.结果发现，与M0相比，土壤pH、有机质（SOM）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）含量和玉米生产力在不同有机肥（M1、M2和M3）处理下均显著增加，其中M3处理的提升效果最佳.施用有机肥显著提高了土壤细菌群落的Shannon、Evenness、Chao1与ACE指数，重塑了细菌群落结构.基于随机森林模型分析，土壤性质中的pH和TP显著影响土壤细菌多样性，而pH、SOM、TP和TN对土壤细菌群落结构影响显著.相关性分析和结构方程模型分析表明，土壤TP和SOM可以通过改变土壤细菌多样性和群落组成间接影响玉米生产力.研究结果从指导我国南方红壤区农田合理施肥的角度，为农田土壤质量提高及耕地产能提升提供科学依据.     

热电厂双膜法中水深度处理回用系统膜污染机制分析

以某热电厂实际规模的双膜法中水回用系统为考察对象,对膜污染结构、形貌、组成与特征进行了研究。结果表明:污染物以有机-无机-微生物复合形式存在,形成致密的膜污染层,无机物主要以P、S、Ca、Si、Mg为主,存在垂直分布特征;有机污染物以腐殖质类、蛋白质、微生物代谢产物为主,且研究发现RO过程富里酸类物质主要为微生物源。碱性清洗液具有更佳的膜污染清洗效果。通过分析可知:微生物污染是膜污染暴发的关键原因,其以杆菌和球菌为主,且具有显著的垂直分布特征;表层微生物主要是α和β变形菌,底层中γ变形菌丰度显著增加。微生物污染垂直分布的主要原因是杀菌和化学清洗过程的选择作用,γ变形菌是先锋微生物,是形成稳定膜污染层的关键物种。因此,控制微生物的滋生是RO中水深度处理的关键,这个过程主要包括预处理工艺的选择和优化杀菌、阻垢和化学清洗策略等。     

三种宽瓣亚属植物生境土壤真菌群落特征

以杏黄兜兰、文山兜兰、同色兜兰为研究对象,调查生境信息,采用ITS高通量测序对生境土壤真菌群落结构、真菌功能群注释及多样性进行分析,并揭示环境因子的影响.结果显示,3种兜兰生境土壤样品共获得1105个可操纵分类单元(OTU),包含322种真菌,隶属10门29纲70目151科256属,3种兜兰生境土壤真菌群落中出现48个共有OTU,同色兜兰含489个特有OTU,文山兜兰有221个,杏黄兜兰202个,3种兜兰生境土壤真菌群落在门、纲、科、属水平均存在不同优势类群,FUNGuild真菌功能群注释可知,3种兜兰生境土壤真菌功能群均以腐生真菌、外生菌根为主,同色兜兰生境土壤真菌功能类群更加复杂;3种兜兰之间土壤真菌的ACE指数与Chao1指数无明显差异,而同色兜兰Simpson指数与Shannon指数显著高于杏黄兜兰,且极显著高于文山兜兰.Beta多样性发现3种兜兰生境土壤真菌群落组成与结构差异明显(P=0.001),且分类水平越高,差异越大;冗余分析揭示了经纬度与植被类型是对3种兜兰生境土壤群落变化影响最大的因子,所选环境因子共揭示真菌群落变化的44.08%.mental检验显示土壤pH值显著...     

黄河口浮游生物群落结构特征及环境质量评价

通过2011年~2012年对黄河口水域浮游生物的周年调查,对该水域浮游生物种类组成、优势种、生物量、密度和生物多样性等进行了分析。结果表明:共检出浮游植物79种,其中绿藻门最多为34种,其次硅藻门20种,其它门类均低于10种;优势种共25种,主要为小球藻、小环藻和针杆藻等;细胞数与生物量随季节变化变动较大,均为8月5月2月11月。检出浮游动物4类46种,其中轮虫25种、原生动物9种、桡足类7种和枝角类5种;优势种主要为萼花臂尾轮虫、螺形龟甲轮虫和曲腿龟甲轮虫等;数量与生物量亦为8月5月2月11月。黄河口各站位浮游植物和浮游动物Shannon-Wiener指数均低于3,平均值分别为1.68和1.36,依据Shannon-Wiener指数评价标准,黄河口为中度污染。     

崂山水库的浮游植物群落特征及变化研究

2007年-2011年连续5年,采用生物群落法,对崂山水库浮游植物的群落结构进行了监测分析.结果为：2011年崂山水库共检出浮游植物8门93种,库区优势种为尖针杆藻（S.acus）、小胶鞘藻（P.tenue）、卵形隐藻（Cryptomonas ovata）、尖尾蓝隐藻（Chroomonas acuta）.5年来群落结构相对稳定,浮游植物细胞密度呈上升趋势.库区为B-中污型水体.     

科学家研究发现:砍伐砂土植被或对气候威胁更大

正美国耶鲁大学等机构科学家的一项新研究发现,相比于其他土壤,砍伐砂土上生长的森林将更容易加剧全球气候变暖.土壤中的微生物能调节二氧化碳向外部的释放.砍伐森林会对土壤微生物的多样性造成破坏,这将降低土壤对二氧化碳的控制力,导致更多二氧化碳排放,并最终加剧全球气候变暖.研究人员对比了从美国11个地区采集的土壤后发现,不同质地土壤上的森林被砍伐后,土壤中微生物群落多样     

Effect of a high strength chemical industry wastewater on microbial community dynamics and mesophilic methane generation

A high strength chemical industry wastewater was assessed for its impact on anaerobic microbial com- munity dynamics and consequently mesophilic methane generation. Cumulative methane production was 251 mL/g total chemical oxygen demand removed at standard temperature and pressure at the end of 30 days experimental period with a highest recorded methane percentage of 80.6% of total biogas volume. Volatile fatty acids （VFAs） analysis revealed that acetic acid was the major intermediate VFAs produced with propionic acid accumulating over the experimental period. Quantitative analysis of microbial communities in the test and control groups with quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction highlighted that in the test group, Eubacteria （96.3%） was dominant in comparison with methanogens （3.7%）. The latter were dominated by Methanomicrobiales and Methanobacteriales while in test groups increased over the experimental period, reaching a maximum on day 30. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profile was performed, targeting the 16S rRNA gene of Eubacteria and Archaea, with the DNA samples extracted at 3 different time points from the test groups. A phylogenetic tree was constructed for the sequences using the neighborhood joining method. The analysis revealed that the presence of organisms resembling Syntrophomonadaceae could have contributed to increased production of acetic and propionic acid intermediates while decrease of organisms resembling Pelotomaculum sp. could have most likely contributed to accumulation of propionic acid. This study suggested that the degradation of organic components within the high strength industrial wastewater is closely linked with the activity of certain niche microbial communities within eubacteria and methanogens.     

Community structure and elevational diversity patterns of soil Acidobacteria

Acidobacteria is one of the most dominant and abundant phyla in soil,and was believed to have a wide range of metabolic and genetic functions. Relatively little is known about its community structure and elevational diversity patterns. We selected four elevation gradients from 1000 to 2800 m with typical vegetation types of the northern slope of Shennongjia Mountain in central China. The vegetation types were evergreen broadleaved forest,deciduous broadleaved forest,coniferous forest and sub-alpine shrubs. We analyzed the soil acidobacterial community composition,elevational patterns and the relationship between Acidobacteria subdivisions and soil enzyme activities by using the 16 S rRNA meta-sequencing technique and multivariate statistical analysis. The result found that 19 known subdivisions as well as an unclassified phylotype were presented in these forest sites,and Subdivision 6 has the highest number of detectable operational taxonomic units(OTUs). A significant single peak distribution pattern(P 0.05) between the OTU number and the elevation was observed. The Jaccard and Bray–Curtis index analysis showed that the soil Acidobacteria compositional similarity significantly decreased(P 0.01) with the increase in elevation distance. Mantel test analysis showed the most of the soil Acidobacteria subdivisions had the significant relationship(P 0.01) with different soil enzymes. Therefore,soil Acidobacteria may be involved in different ecosystem functions in global elemental cycles. Partial Mantel tests and CCA analysis showed that soil pH,soil temperature and plant diversity may be the key factors in shaping the soil Acidobacterial community structure.     

Reduction and characterization of bioaerosols in a wastewater treatment station via ventilation

Bioaerosols from wastewater treatment processes are a significant subgroup of atmospheric aerosols. In the present study,airborne microorganisms generated from a wastewater treatment station(WWTS) that uses an oxidation ditch process were diminished by ventilation.Conventional sampling and detection methods combined with cloning/sequencing techniques were applied to determine the groups,concentrations,size distributions,and species diversity of airborne microorganisms before and after ventilation. There were 3021 ± 537 CFU/m3 of airborne bacteria and 926 ± 132 CFU/m3 of airborne fungi present in the WWTS bioaerosol.Results showed that the ventilation reduced airborne microorganisms significantly compared to the air in the WWTS. Over 60% of airborne bacteria and airborne fungi could be reduced after4 hr of air exchange. The highest removal(92.1% for airborne bacteria and 89.1% for fungi) was achieved for 0.65–1.1 μm sized particles. The bioaerosol particles over 4.7 μm were also reduced effectively. Large particles tended to be lost by gravitational settling and small particles were generally carried away,which led to the relatively easy reduction of bioaerosol particles0.65–1.1 μm and over 4.7 μm in size. An obvious variation occurred in the structure of the bacterial communities when ventilation was applied to control the airborne microorganisms in enclosed spaces.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal phylogenetic groups differ in affecting host plants along heavy metal levels

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF） are important components of soil microbial communities,and play important role in plant growth. However, the effects of AMF phylogenetic groups（Glomeraceae and non-Glomeraceae） on host plant under various heavy metal levels are not clear. Here we conducted a meta-analysis to compare symbiotic relationship between AMF phylogenetic groups（Glomeraceae and non-Glomeraceae） and host plant functional groups（herbs vs. trees, and non-legumes vs. legumes） at three heavy metal levels. In the meta-analysis, we calculate the effect size（ln（RR）） by taking the natural logarithm of the response ratio of inoculated to non-inoculated shoot biomass from each study. We found that the effect size of Glomeraceae increased, but the effect size of non-Glomeraceae decreased under high level of heavy metal compared to low level. According to the effect size, both Glomeraceae and non-Glomeraceae promoted host plant growth, but had different effects under various heavy metal levels. Glomeraceae provided more benefit to host plants than non-Glomeraceae did under heavy metal condition, while non-Glomeraceae provided more benefit to host plants than Glomeraceae did under no heavy metal. AMF phylogenetic groups also differed in promoting plant functional groups under various heavy metal levels.Interacting with Glomeraceae, herbs and legumes grew better than trees and non-legumes did under high heavy metal level, while trees and legumes grew better than herbs and non-legumes did under medium heavy metal level. Interacting with non-Glomeraceae, herbs and legumes grew better than trees and non-legumes did under no heavy metal. We suggested that the combination of legume with Glomeraceae could be a useful way in the remediation of heavy metal polluted environment.