环境中十氯酮的研究进展

十氯酮(Chlordecone)是一种人工合成的有机氯杀虫剂,对人和动物有多种毒性作用,在环境中能够长期存在,已被列入《斯德哥尔摩公约》禁用名单.目前关于十氯酮的研究主要集中在美国James River和法国法属西印度群岛地区.本文综述了十氯酮的毒性研究结果,十氯酮的环境分析方法进展,及其在各种环境介质中的浓度水平,并对在我国进行相关研究提出了建议,以期推动十氯酮的研究工作.     

High-solids anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge and food waste in comparison with mono digestions: Stability and performance

System stability and performance of high-solids anaerobic co-digestion of dewatered sludge (DS) and food waste (FW) in comparison with mono digestions were investigated. System stability was improved in co-digestion systems with co-substrate acting as a diluting agent to toxic chemicals like ammonia or Na⁺. For high-solids digestion of DS, the addition of FW not only improved system stability but also greatly enhanced volumetric biogas production. For high-solids digestion of FW, the addition of DS could reduce Na⁺ concentration and help maintain satisfactory stability during the conversion of FW into biogas. System performances of co-digestion systems were mainly determined by the mixing ratios of DS and FW. Biogas production and volatile solids (VSs) reduction in digestion of the co-mixture of DS and FW increased linearly with higher ratios of FW. A kinetic model, which aimed to forecast the performance of co-digestion and to assist reactor design, was developed from long-term semi-continuous experiments. Maximum VS reduction for DS and FW was estimated to be 44.3% and 90.3%, respectively, and first order constant k was found to be 0.17 d^?1 and 0.50 d^?1, respectively. Experimental data of co-digestion were in good conformity to the predictions of the model.     

Pollution characteristics of volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere of Haicang District in Xiamen City, Southeast China

The compositions, spatial distributions, seasonal variations and ozone formation potential (OFP) of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were investigated in the atmosphere of Haicang District, Xiamen City, Southeast China. Twenty-four types of VOCs were measured in this study, and ethanol, methylene chloride, toluene, ethyl acetate and isopropyl alcohol were the abundant species based on concentration rank. The concentrations of total VOCs (TVOCs) in industrial areas were higher than those in residential and administrative areas and background site. For industrial areas, the TVOCs concentrations in summer were higher than those in winter, which might result from higher emissions from industrial activities because of stronger evaporation in summer. In contrast, non-industrial areas showed higher concentrations in winter due to the unfavorable meteorological conditions. The spatial distribution of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) followed the order of industrial areas > residential and administrative areas > background site, and the concentrations in summer were lower than those in winter for most sites. The high ratios (8.9-14.0) of T/B in this study indicated that industrial emissions were the main sources in this district. X/B ratios were used to assess the ages of air parcels and provided evidence of the transport of air parcels among these sites. Total OFP (TOFP) showed the trend of increase with the increase of TVOCs, and toluene was found as the major contributor to TOFP.     

基于证据权重法的呼伦贝尔地区人为草原火险空间预测

应用证据权重法结合GIS空间分析,研究了呼伦贝尔地区人为草原火险。利用证据权重法定量化地分析了与人类活动密切相关的5个因子(乡村人口密度、载畜密度、居民点分布、城镇分布、公路网)与草原火点空间分布的关系,并建立了呼伦贝尔草原火险预测模型,据此在ARCVIEW的WofE扩展模块下生成一幅草原火险预测专题图,并将研究区划分为高、中、低三类风险区。研究表明:(1)呼伦贝尔草原火灾火点的空间分布与人类活动关系密切,尤其是乡村人口密度、公路网与居民点分布这三个因子,权重分别为0.5191,0.1945,0.2864;(2)证据权重法可以客观定量地表现出草原火险与人类活动的关系,因而可为草原火灾风险管理提供决策支持。     

广东省森林球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白含量及影响因素

植被和土壤组成的差异将影响土壤微生物的组成及动态,土壤微生物的动态变化将体现在微生物产物上。球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(Glomalin-related soil protein,GRSP)被认为是唯一来源于丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,AMF)的糖蛋白,是土壤碳库的稳定组分,可用于指示AMF对土壤碳固持的影响。鉴于已有GRSP相关研究多集中在样点尺度,缺乏区域水平的研究这一事实,该研究选择广东省164个代表性森林样地为研究对象,通过测定表层(0-10 cm)土壤GRSP含量、土壤理化性质,旨在了解广东省森林土壤中GRSP水平及其对土壤有机碳固持的贡献。结合土壤理化性质、植被特征探讨区域范围内GRSP的影响因素。结果表明,(1)广东省森林土壤表层土(0-10 cm)中总球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(total GRSP,T-GRSP)质量分数为(3.26±0.11) g?kg-1,易提取球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(easily extractable GRSP,EE-GRSP)质量分数为(1.11±0.03) g?kg-1,植被起源和植被类型对GRSP含量的影响不显著,GRSP在地带性土壤中呈现黄壤>红壤>赤红壤>砖红壤的显著变化趋势。(2)针叶林GRSP的平均水平高于常绿阔叶林,这一趋势与3种植被类型下灌木草本层生物量的趋势一致。(3)GRSP与土壤有机碳含量、阳离子交换量呈显著正相关关系,与土壤pH值呈显著负相关关系,GRSP含量随土壤细颗粒(粒径<50μm)含量的增加而增加。广东省森林土壤GRSP对土壤有机碳的绝对贡献率为2.3%,GRSP能够与土壤细颗粒结合促进土壤团聚体的形成,并提高土壤保水性能和肥力。     

天然有机物对颗粒活性炭吸附微囊藻毒素的影响研究

通过改变水体中天然有机物(NOM)、腐殖酸(HA)浓度以及pH,测定了不同条件下颗粒活性炭(GAC)吸附微囊藻毒素MCLR的容量变化,研究了NOM对GAC吸附MCLR的影响。结果表明,GAC吸附MCLR的过程中,低浓度溶液中的吸附速率要高于高浓度溶液,且准一级动力学和准二级动力学方程均能较好地描述GAC吸附MCLR的过程;当溶液中含17.6 mg/LNOM或10.0 mg/L HA时,GAC对MCLR的最大吸附容量从17.06μg/g分别降低至13.68、12.89μg/g;GAC对MCLR的平衡吸附容量(qe)随NOM浓度的升高而逐渐降低,但当溶液中NOM超过一定值时,NOM浓度再升高对GAC吸附MCLR的影响程度变化不大,NOM从10.0 mg/L升高至17.6 mg/L时,qe仅降低了0.31μg/g;在中性或偏碱性水体中,HA对GAC吸附MCLR的干扰相对于酸性水体中更小,通过改变溶液pH来改变HA的带电性,对GAC吸附MCLR的影响总体较小。     

Developing risk models of Cryptosporidium transport in soils from vegetated, tilted soilbox experiments

Transport of Cryptosporidium parvum through macroporous soils is poorly understood yet critical for assessing the risk of groundwater contamination. We developed a conceptual model of the physics of flow and transport in packed, tilted, and vegetated soilboxes during and immediately after a simulated rainfall event and applied it to 54 experiments implemented with different soils, slopes, and rainfall rates. Using a parsimonious inverse modeling procedure, we show that a significant amount of subsurface outflow from the soilboxes is due to macropore flow. The effective hydraulic properties of the macropore space were obtained by calibration of a simple two-domain flow and transport model that accounts for coupled flow in the matrix and in the macropores of the soils. Using linear mixed-effects analysis, macropore hydraulic properties and oocyst attenuation were shown to be associated with soil bulk density and rainfall rate. Macropore flow was shown to be responsible for bromide and C. parvum transport through the soil into the underlying pore space observed during the 4-h experiments. We confirmed this finding by conducting a pair of saturated soil column studies under homogeneously repacked conditions with no macropores in which no C. parvum transport was observed in the effluent. The linear mixed-effects and logistic regression models developed from the soilbox experiments provide a basis for estimating macropore hydraulic properties and the risk of C. parvum transport through shallow soils from bulk density, precipitation, and total shallow subsurface flow rate. The risk assessment is consistent with the reported occurrence of oocysts in springs or groundwater from fractured or karstic rocks protected only by shallow overlying soils.     

论高职英语教学中的文化导入

作为文化的一部分，语言与文化的关系是密不可分的。本文通过对我国高职英语教育目标及现状的分析，指出了在高职英语教学中进行文化导入的必要性及方法。     

青岛某小区景观湖水水质年变化规律研究

为了获得青岛某住宅小区内景观湖水质全年变化规律,并确定最佳换水时间,采用国标法及行业标准法检测该小区景观湖及其水源的全年水质变化.结果表明:景观湖水各水质指标全年波动明显,均受季节和降水情况影响,在降水丰沛的8-10月份水质较好;除pH全年符合景观水质标准外,其余指标均有月份超标;除COD浓度较高外,其余指标9-11月均较低,水质较好;水源白沙河的水质多在降水丰沛的9、10月份水质较好,综合看来,9-10月份为每年的最佳换水时间.     

13C-PLFA分析方法及其在土壤微生物研究中的应用

磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）是重要的生物标志物之一,能够提供有关微生物群落结构的信息。将PLFA分析与稳定性同位素¹³C示踪技术结合（¹³C-PLFA）,可以指示微生物群落对于环境变化的响应及微生物群落间的相互作用。该技术在土壤生态系统的研究中已得到广泛应用。本文主要基于¹³C-PLFA技术的研究现状,介绍了该技术的原理和分析方法,举例阐述了¹³C-PLFA技术在土壤微生物生态学中的应用,包括植物-土壤系统中碳的微生物利用、外源碳的微生物利用、污染物的微生物降解以及在甲烷氧化菌等特定微生物群体的应用。同时分析了¹³C-PLFA技术在应用中的优缺点,并展望了其未来应用。